Latest Articles from Plant Ecology and Evolution Latest 100 Articles from Plant Ecology and Evolution https://plecevo.eu/ Fri, 29 Mar 2024 00:16:48 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://plecevo.eu/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from Plant Ecology and Evolution https://plecevo.eu/ The genus Orthoseira (Orthoseiraceae, Bacillariophyta) in Papua New Guinea with the description of two new species https://plecevo.eu/article/115801/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(2): 113-124

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.115801

Authors: Natalia Kochman-Kędziora, Bart Van de Vijver

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Orthoseira is generally known to be typically aerophilous. Despite the worldwide occurrence of the genus, most of the Orthoseira species seem to have a rather restricted biogeographic distribution, often being part of an endemic diatom flora. During a survey of the aerophilic diatom flora in Papua New Guinea (Karkar Island, Boisa Island), four morphologically distinct Orthoseira taxa have been observed. Material and methods – The morphology of four Orthoseira species was investigated in detail using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Key results – The morphology of all four species is discussed and compared to known species worldwide. The main differences between the species include: the presence and shape of linking structures, the number of rows of perforations on the copulae, presence/absence of internal caverns and the external structure of the carinoportulae. Two species, with a unique set of features, are described as new to science: Orthoseira iserentantii sp. nov. and Orthoseira papuensis sp. nov. Conclusions – The observation of four Orthoseira species, including two species new to science, confirms that the diversity of the genus Orthoseira is underestimated.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 13 Mar 2024 11:00:00 +0200
Marijordaania (Celastraceae: Cassinoideae), a new monotypic genus from South Africa https://plecevo.eu/article/116544/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 100-112

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.116544

Authors: Abraham E. van Wyk, Richard G.C. Boon

Abstract: Background and aims – The species name Gymnosporia filiformis, validly published in a 1927 revision of South African Celastraceae, was based on syntypes representing both Maytenus cordata and a new species. Subsequent studies supported the distinction of Gymnosporia and Maytenus as separate genera. From 1984, this new species was provisionally referred to by the designation “Maytenus sp. A”. Maytenus in Africa comprises a diverse group of species not closely related to the New World members of Maytenus. Here, we clarify the taxonomic identity and generic placement of G. filiformis, and compare it with species with which it has historically been confused. Material and methods – Descriptions and observations are based on extensive field work, supported by conventional taxonomic methods, including study of relevant literature and herbarium collections. Key results – The name Gymnosporia filiformis is lectotypified using a syntype representing “Maytenus sp. A”. We describe a new monotypic genus, Marijordaania, to accommodate “Maytenus sp. A”, and propose the new combination, Marijordaania filiformis. An amended description is provided for the species. It is morphologically quite different from Maytenus cordata, but also from Maytenus acuminata and Maytenus abbottii, species with which it has been confused in the past. Marijordaania filiformis grows in the understorey of evergreen Scarp Forest and is relatively rare, known with certainty only from KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape provinces, South Africa. A preliminary conservation assessment suggests that M. filiformis should be classified as Endangered. Conclusion – Marijordaania filiformis is a taxonomically isolated species with no apparent close relatives among African Celastraceae. While the generic status of other African members of Maytenus still needs to be resolved, it would not impact the taxonomic status of Marijordaania. In a recent key for Celastraceae genera based on morphology and geography, M. filiformis ran to the genus Euonymus, but this association lacks support from available molecular evidence.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 28 Feb 2024 09:26:00 +0200
Tropical African diatoms from the Eunotia asterionelloides (Bacillariophyta) species complex, with descriptions of new species https://plecevo.eu/article/106779/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 88-99

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.106779

Authors: Jonathan C. Taylor, Christine Cocquyt, Gina Walsh

Abstract: Background and aims – Diatoms from tropical Central Africa are rarely studied and documented. Waters of the Congo Basin are often acidic and thus may be dominated by diatoms from the genus Eunotia, usually found in the benthos and periphyton, but rarely in the plankton. We investigated planktonic Eunotia species from the Eunotia asterionelloides complex to determine their identity and distribution. Material and methods – Samples were collected in fishponds in the vicinity of Kisangani, D.R. Congo, from herbarium material collected from the Bonkele River, D.R. Congo, and in the Kouilou River, Republic of the Congo. These samples were prepared for diatom analysis, examined using standard methods, and documented using both light and scanning electron microscopy. Key results – Several taxa belonging to the Eunotia asterionelloides complex were observed. Taxa from this complex are recorded in literature as either E. asterionelloides or E. zasuminensis. The taxon from fishponds in the D.R. Congo was identified as E. tukanorum, previously described from Brazil. The structure of the valve outline and raphe appear similar, particularly the raphe position and length. A second species was found on aquatic macrophyte (Utricularia and Nymphaea) herbarium specimens from the D.R. Congo and a third species from the Kouilou River in the Republic of the Congo. These latter two taxa superficially resemble E. zasuminensis. Although similar in valve outline, the taxa differ morphologically. The shape of the apices in larger cells is indented to a larger degree, and the raphe differs in its structure, particularly the shape of the terminal endings. The structure and position of the rimoportula also differ. Also, one of these taxa is sometimes strongly flexed around the apical axis. Based on morphology, we consider these taxa distinct from E. zasuminensis and from each other, and thus describe Eunotia globicephala sp. nov. and Eunotia magnaparva sp. nov.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 21 Feb 2024 09:41:00 +0200
Dispersal and persistence of cup plant seeds (Silphium perfoliatum): do they contribute to potential invasiveness? https://plecevo.eu/article/104640/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 75-87

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.104640

Authors: L. Marie Ende, Lukas Hummel, Marianne Lauerer

Abstract: Background and aims – The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) is being grown in Germany as a promising new bioenergy crop with an increasing area under cultivation in the last years. Its alien status, its high productivity, and high reproductive potential could carry the risk of this species becoming invasive. The present study investigates the dispersal and persistence of cup plant seeds, to contribute to the assessment of its invasive potential. Material and methods – For this purpose, four experimental studies were conducted in Germany, Central Europe: wind dispersal distance was measured in a field experiment for wind speeds up to 7 m.s-1. The seeds were offered to rodents in different habitats near to a cup plant field. We observed seed persistence and germination over 4 weeks storing in water and over 4 years storing in different soil depths. Key results – Cup plant seeds are dispersed by wind only over a few meters. In the forest, rodents removed 100% of the offered seeds, in open habitats none. Independent of the duration of storage in water, germination rate of the cup plant seeds was constantly high. Most of the seeds already germinated in water in the first two weeks. Stored on the soil surface and at 10 cm soil depth, the seeds germinated already in the first two years. Stored at 30 cm depth, one third of the seeds retained their germination ability over four years. Conclusion – Wind serves as short-distance dispersal vector for cup plant seeds. Rodents remove the seeds, but it is unknown whether they disperse them or just eat them. Water could disperse the seeds, which retain their germination ability, over long distances. The cup plant could therefore spread and possibly become invasive in Central Europe, and therefore measures are suggested to prevent its dispersal and spontaneous settlement.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 14 Feb 2024 09:30:00 +0200
Floristic and structural distinctness of monodominant Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest in the western Congo Basin https://plecevo.eu/article/111539/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 55-74

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.111539

Authors: Ellen Heimpel, Antje Ahrends, Kyle G. Dexter, Jefferson S. Hall, Josérald Mamboueni, Vincent P. Medjibe, David Morgan, Crickette Sanz, David J. Harris

Abstract: Background and aims – The forests of the Congo Basin contain high levels of biodiversity, and are globally important for carbon storage. In order to design effective conservation strategies, and to accurately model carbon stocks, a fine-scale understanding of the different forest types that make up this forest block is needed. Monodominant Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest covers large areas of the Congo Basin, but it is currently unclear whether it is sufficiently distinct from adjacent mixed terre firme forest to warrant separate treatment for conservation planning and carbon calculations. This study aimed to compare the structure and diversity of monodominant and mixed forest, and ask whether there is a unique vascular plant community associated with G. dewevrei forest. Material and methods – We utilised a combination of plot data and herbarium specimens collected in the Sangha Trinational (a network of protect areas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, and the Republic of Congo). Plot inventories were used to compare G. dewevrei forest and mixed forest for stem density, basal area, above ground biomass, stem size distribution, species diversity, and species composition. In addition, a database of 3,557 herbarium specimens was used to identify species of vascular plant that are associated with G. dewevrei forest. Key results – Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest is distinct in both structure and species composition from mixed forest. Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest has a lower stem number (of trees ≥ 10 cm), but a greater proportion of larger trees (> 70 cm), suggesting higher carbon stocks. The species composition is distinct from mixed forest, with 56 species of vascular plant significantly associated with G. dewevrei forest. Conclusion – Monodominant G. dewevrei forest in the Sangha Trinational is both compositionally and structurally distinct from mixed forest. We therefore recommend this forest type be considered separately from mixed forest for conservation planning and carbon stock calculations.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 7 Feb 2024 09:55:00 +0200
The evolution of paleo- and neo-endemic species of Cactaceae in the isolated Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Mexico https://plecevo.eu/article/110352/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 42-54

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.110352

Authors: Fabiola Soto-Trejo, Francisco Robles, Rafael Lira, Luis A. Sánchez-González, Enrique Ortiz, Patricia Dávila

Abstract: Background and aims – Endemism may be defined according to the time of origin of taxa. Neo-endemics refer to relatively recent species that have not dispersed outside their ancestral areas. In contrast, paleo-endemics refer to species of ancient origins, which are currently geographically restricted but probably were more widespread in the past. Geographically, endemism areas may also be based on the co-occurrence of more than one species. We aimed to qualitatively identify the neo-endemism and paleo-endemism of endemic Cactaceae of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, as well as to quantitatively assess paleo- and neo-endemics areas. Material and methods – Using a dated molecular phylogeny of endemic Cactaceae, we defined paleo- and neo-endemics using an arbitrary boundary of 2.6 million years ago; we also assessed the significance of concentrations of these species using a categorical analysis of paleo- and neo-endemism. Key results – Our results showed that most endemic Cactaceae in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley arose throughout the Pleistocene, while categorical analysis indicated localised mixed- and super-endemism (including both paleo- and neo-endemics) areas. Conclusion – We suggest that paleo- and neo-endemics, as well as localised mixed-endemism areas, may have originated due to a probable high climatic stability in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, which in addition to topographically rugged and ecologically complex zones (e.g. ecotones, isolated habitat patches) may have allowed it to function as a refuge throughout Pleistocene climatic changes, mainly promoting the speciation of neo-endemics, as well as the persistence of relatively few paleo-endemics.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 30 Jan 2024 10:00:00 +0200
Rediscovery and revalidation of the Brazilian endemic Vanilla schwackeana Hoehne (Orchidaceae): its distribution and phylogenetic position https://plecevo.eu/article/110331/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 32-41

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.110331

Authors: Emerson R. Pansarin

Abstract: Background and aims – With 40 species, Brazil is the centre of diversity for Vanilla. Frederico Carlos Hoehne described eight Vanilla species for the Brazilian flora, including Vanilla schwackeana, an obscure taxon currently assumed to be a synonym of V. planifolia. While studying Neotropical Vanilla, plants were found in gallery forests of the Vale do Rio Doce region, Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil. Based on the examination of the protologues of the Brazilian species, in addition to the study of herbarium specimens, it was verified that the plants correspond to the rare V. schwackeana. Material and methods – A redescription of V. schwackeana is provided, and a morphological comparison with other Neotropical taxa is presented. An illustration of V. schwackeana based on living specimens is provided, and its geographic distribution is presented based on recent findings. The position of V. schwackeana within Vanilla is discussed based on both morphological data and a molecular phylogeny. Key results – Vanilla schwackeana is distinguishable by its pseudopetiolate leaves, by its largely elliptic to obelliptic leaf blades with attenuate base and acuminate apex, by its apical racemes with small flowers, by its yellow labellum with white undulate-crenulate margins, and by its papillous appendages on the apical portion of the labellar crest. Both morphological and molecular data suggest a close relationship of V. schwackeana with V. appendiculata, V. hartii, and the Brazilian endemic V. rupicola. Based on current data, V. schwackeana is assessed as Critically Endangered. Conclusion – Integrative taxonomy was crucial to understand the identity and species boundaries of V. schwackeana. The V. appendiculata/V. schwackeana/(V. hartii/V. rupicola) clade comprises an unrecognized infrageneric Vanilla group. It seems plausible that the formation of a new infrageneric group will be necessary. As the habitat of V. schwackeana has been devastated by iron ore extraction, conservation strategies for this Brazilian endemic species will be necessary.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 24 Jan 2024 10:30:00 +0200
Two new species of Hechtia (Bromeliaceae; Hechtioideae) from Jalisco, Mexico https://plecevo.eu/article/108472/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 20-31

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.108472

Authors: Alejandra Flores-Argüelles, Rodrigo Alejandro Hernández-Cárdenas, Santiago Rosales-Martínez, Adolfo Espejo-Serna, Ana Rosa López-Ferrari, Andrew Siekkinen

Abstract: Backgrounds and aims – The genus Hechtia (sensu lato) is distributed from the southern United States to northern Central America and includes 95 species. Recent botanical explorations, carried out in the Colima and Jalisco states in search of H. reticulata, led to the discovery of two new species. The aims of this work were to complete the morphological description of H. reticulata and describe these two new species. Material and methods – This study was based on fieldwork and on the revision of literature, protologues, type material, and herbarium specimens. The specimens collected were prepared for storage in the herbarium, analysed, measured, and descriptions were made; measurements were taken from dried specimens. Due to their morphological similarities and the closeness of their populations, the proposed species are compared with H. reticulata. Key results – We propose two new species of Hechtia for Mexico (H. costalegrensis and H. pacifica); an epitype and a complete description of H. reticulata are also provided. The diagnostic characters and morphological affinities of the new species are discussed, including complete morphological descriptions and images; a comparative table is presented, showing the morphological differences between the new species and H. reticulata. A distribution map of the taxa described here and of H. reticulata is included, as well as an identification key and a list of examined specimens of all Hechtia species known to date from Colima and Jalisco.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 17 Jan 2024 09:08:00 +0200
Diversity and distribution of ferns and clubmosses in the eastern canyons of Isalo National Park, Madagascar https://plecevo.eu/article/101827/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(1): 3-19

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.101827

Authors: Rivoharifara Randrianarimanana, France Rakotondrainibe, Elodie Boucheron-Dubuisson, Lovanomenjanahary Marline, Mijoro Rakotoarinivo, Catherine Reeb

Abstract: Background and aims – In contrast to the flowering plants, the pteridophyte flora of Madagascar is still understudied. While several studies have been published on the eastern and central parts of the island, there are currently few works dedicated to the pteridophytes of southwestern Madagascar. The aim of this work is to increase the knowledge of the pteridophyte flora of the Isalo massif in southwestern Madagascar. It presents a checklist of Isalo’s pteridophytes and an analysis of the diversity and distribution patterns of pteridophyte communities across ecological gradients in the eastern canyons of Isalo. Material and methods – Eighty plots were placed in six canyons. In each plot, pteridophyte species abundance was inventoried, as well as several ecological and geomorphological variables. A census in the field and observations on specimens in herbaria were carried to make a checklist of all the pteridophyte species known for Isalo. Statistical analysis was carried out to understand the pteridophyte diversity and distribution patterns in the Isalo’s canyons: (1) exploratory analysis (FAMD and HCPC) highlights the general patterns of ecological gradients, (2) a rarefaction curve was used to compare species diversity, and (3) co-inertia analysis investigated the relationship between ecological gradient and pteridophyte communities. Key results – In total, 60 species of ferns and lycophytes have been recorded in the massif, including ten endemic species to Madagascar and 11 species reported for the first time in the Isalo massif. Species diversity is especially high in the northern canyons (Anjofo, Andramanero, Antsifotra) in contrast to the middle (Maki and Rats) and southern (Namaza) canyons. Fern distribution patterns were correlated to a combination of environmental factors, highlighting species-specific ecological preferences.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 10 Jan 2024 10:29:00 +0200
Evolution of pollen grain morphology in Amorimia and allies evidences the importance of palynological apomorphies and homoplasies in Malpighiaceae systematics https://plecevo.eu/article/102524/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 399-415

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.102524

Authors: Carolina Prandi da Silva, Rafael Felipe de Almeida, Talita Kely Bellonzi, Eduardo Custódio Gasparino

Abstract: Background and aims – Pollen grain morphology is an important morphological character for aiding the systematics of flowering plants. For Malpighiaceae, only a single unpublished palynological study has comprehensively sampled ca 60 of this family’s 75 currently accepted genera. To test the systematic relevance of pollen morphology in Amorimia and allies, we characterised the pollen morphology of these lineages. We scored, coded, and mapped 12 characters onto the most recent molecular phylogeny of Amorimia and allies. Material and methods – We sampled 13 species of Amorimia as ingroup and two species of Mascagnia and Ectopopterys soejartoi as outgroup. Pollen grains were acetolised, characterised, and measured using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen quantitative measurements were submitted to a PCA multivariate analysis. Additionally, quantitative and qualitative characters were scored and coded into 12 characters and mapped onto the molecular phylogeny of Amorimia and allies. Key results – Amorimia and allies are stenopalynous due to all species showing the same pollen type, with some subtle differences between the pollen grains, such as details of ornamentation, shape, size, and thickness of the pollen exine. However, the patterns of pollen grain evolution showed that few qualitative and apomorphic characters are informative for intrageneric distinction (i.e. type and number of apertures), and almost all quantitative and homoplastic characters analysed were informative at infrageneric levels within Malpighiaceae. Conclusion – Our results demonstrate that even though the pollen morphology characters of Amorimia and allies show subtle variation, both qualitative and quantitative apomorphic and/or homoplastic characters are highly informative for intra- and infrageneric levels in Malpighiaceae when analysed in a phylogenetic context.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 7 Nov 2023 09:30:00 +0200
A new purple-flowered Butia (Arecaceae) from the highlands of the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Brazil) https://plecevo.eu/article/110654/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 383-398

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.110654

Authors: Bruno Francisco Sant`Anna-Santos

Abstract: Background and aims – The highlands of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region comprise one of the largest savannah areas in central Brazil. The region includes large areas of the rare and little-known cerrado rupestre, which is home to numerous endemic species. During research on the Arecaceae flora of Chapada dos Veadeiros, a new species of Butia was discovered, and it is described here. Material and methods – The morphology and anatomy are described based on field collections. Following the default methodology, pinnae and flowers were analysed using LM (freehand cross- and longitudinal sections) and SEM. The new species is compared to its morphologically similar species from the Brazilian central plateau, and an identification key and distribution map were established. Key results – At first sight, the new species Butia soffiae resembles B. archeri, but with staminate and pistillate flowers, which are always purple, different in size, and congested in the rachillae. After close inspection, it is morphologically allied to B. buenopolensis, differing mainly by its glaucous peduncular bract – similar size to the inflorescence, herbaceous peduncle, numerous rachillae, purple floral colour, and inconspicuous staminodes. Differences in leaf anatomy, such as the presence of raphides, a cross-sectionally truncated midrib, and the number of accessory bundles on the midrib, also support the description of a new species. Two structures were recorded for the first time for the genus: squamiform trichomes at the base of the pistil and osmophores on the staminodes. The new species is assessed as Critically Endangered based on the restricted area of occurrence and anthropogenic threats. Conclusion – Butia soffiae is the first endemic Butia species described in Chapada dos Veadeiros. The type population is located near Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, which is the subject of a bill that aims to reduce its area by 73%. The discovery of this new species reinforces the uniqueness of the local flora and the importance of maintaining the park.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 23 Oct 2023 10:00:00 +0300
A new Ypsilopus (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae) from Zimbabwe and notes on the parallel evolution of extreme column exsertion in African angraecoids https://plecevo.eu/article/107313/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 374-382

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.107313

Authors: João Farminhão, Phillip J. Cribb

Abstract: Background and aims – A preliminary review of hawkmoth-pollinated angraecoids from Africa unveiled a remarkable case of parallel evolution of extreme column exsertion between the two species formerly classified in in the defunct genus Barombia. These belong to one clade of Aerangis, including A. gracillima and A. stelligera, and Ypsilopus sect. Barombiella, including Y. amaniensis and Y. schliebenii. The exploration of the geographical distribution of these two clades, followed by an examination of morphological variation within Y. sect. Barombiella, revealed that the disjunct population identified as Y. amaniensis from Zimbabwe represents an undescribed species. Material and methods – Occurrence records of Ypsilopus amaniensis, Y. schliebenii, Aerangis gracillima, and A. stelligera were comprehensively mapped and distribution patterns were visually analysed. Pollination syndromes and pollinaria attachment sites were inferred based on a review of floral and hawkmoth morphology. Standard herbarium practices and mining of photographs of wild and cultivated plants in social media allowed the description of the novelty. Key results – Ypsilopus zimbabweensis sp. nov. (Y. sect. Barombiella) is a narrow endemic of significant horticultural interest and it is preliminarily assessed as Endangered. The evolution of a Barombia-type column presents a parallel geographical pattern in the Aerangis gracillima–A. stelligera clade and Ypsilopus sect. Barombiella and probably induced a shift of pollen placement sites in these sphingophilous species.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 19 Oct 2023 10:00:00 +0300
Novelties in the genus Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae): two new species from northern Madagascar https://plecevo.eu/article/108024/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 365-373

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.108024

Authors: Iris Montero-Muñoz, Geoffrey A. Levin, Concepción Vaquero Lorenzo, Laura González, José M. Cardiel

Abstract: Background and aims – Taxonomic knowledge of Acalypha in the Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR; including Madagascar, Comoros, Mascarenes, Seychelles, and the Scattered Islands) has increased greatly in the last few years. This paper is the latest in a series of publications that have contributed to create a robust taxonomic framework for Acalypha in this region. Material and methods – The descriptions and illustrations of the new species are based on herbarium specimens and on some field images. Descriptions were made following standard procedures. Maps was prepared using QGIS software and preliminary conservation assessments was made following IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – Two species of Acalypha from northern Madagascar are described as new to science: Acalypha bardotiana sp. nov., found on the Montagne des Français (Diana region), and Acalypha inaequibracteata sp. nov., found in the Binara forest (Sava region). Line drawings, field images, distribution maps, and a discussion of their morphological and phylogenetic affinities, as well as the preliminary conservation assessments are provided.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 11 Oct 2023 09:30:00 +0300
Molecular phylogeny and character-mapping support the synonymy of Cordobia and Gallardoa in Mionandra (Malpighiaceae) https://plecevo.eu/article/101657/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 352-364

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.101657

Authors: Rafael F. de Almeida, Isa L. de Morais, Marco O.O. Pellegrini, Cassio van den Berg

Abstract: Background and aims – Cordobia, Gallardoa, Mionandra, and Peixotoa (Stigmaphylloid clade, Malpighiaceae) are four small, closely related genera comprising shrubs or lianas endemic to South American savannas, dry forests, and temperate steppes. Their generic limits have significantly changed in the last century, and past molecular phylogenetic studies of Malpighiaceae have not tested the morphological characters of this group to identify synapomorphies supporting these clades/genera. Material and methods – We sampled the monospecific Cordobia and Gallardoa, one species of Mionandra (out of 2 spp.), nine species of Peixotoa (out of 29 spp.), and a single species of Camarea and Janusia as outgroups. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses were carried out for this clade based on five molecular markers (i.e. ETS, ITS, PHYC, matK, and ndhF). A set of 16 macromorphological characters was scored and coded for identifying synapomorphies under the Maximum Likelihood criteria. Key results – Our molecular phylogeny recovered Peixotoa as monophyletic and sister to the clade comprising Cordobia + Gallardoa + Mionandra, strongly corroborating previous phylogenetic studies of Malpighiaceae. The character-mapping analyses recovered two synapomorphies supporting the Cordobia + Gallardoa + Mionandra + Peixotoa clade, six supporting Mionandra s.l. (i.e. Cordobia + Gallardoa + Mionandra), and five supporting Peixotoa. Cordobia and Gallardoa are proposed as synonyms of Mionandra, alongside the necessary combinations, typifications, and identification keys. Conclusions – Morphological characters related to the degree of connation of the stipules, leaf indumentum type, petiole length, inflorescence architecture, number of flowers per inflorescence, presence of a peduncle in the 1-flowered cincinni, sepal connation, posture and texture, petal width and margin integrity, staminode presence, shape and size, and the shape of the apex of styles were key in circumscribing these lineages. Mionandra s.l. is proposed and characterised, including a new combination, an identification key to distinguish its species, a distribution map, and taxonomy notes.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 4 Oct 2023 11:00:00 +0300
Leaf traits of understory woody species in the Congo Basin forests changed over a 60-year period https://plecevo.eu/article/104593/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 339-351

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.104593

Authors: Yves Hatangi, Hippolyte Nshimba, Piet Stoffelen, Benoît Dhed’a, Jonas Depecker, Ludivine Lassois, Filip Vandelook

Abstract: Background and aims – While tropical forests play an important role in carbon sequestration, they are assumed to be sensitive to rising temperatures and prolonged drought. Plant functional traits are useful for understanding and predicting the effects of such changes in plant communities. Here, we analyse the variation of leaf traits of understory woody species of the Congo Basin rainforests over a 60-year period using herbaria as tools and we verify if this variation is potentially related to recent climate change. Material and methods – Leaves of five shrub species were collected in 2019–2022 in Congolese old-growth forests (Yangambi Biosphere Reserve, DR Congo) from different positions on the shrub. These leaves were compared with herbarium specimens collected in the same area before 1960. For both periods, we assessed leaf size, specific leaf area, stomatal size, and stomatal density for all species. Key results – The variability of the functional traits of the understory woody species are independent of the position of the leaves in the crown. This allows for the use of historic herbarium collections for trait analyses on tropical understory shrubs. The traits of the recently collected leaves were notably different from the traits of herbarium leaves collected in pre-1960: recent leaves were significantly larger, had a higher Specific Leaf Area, a smaller stomata pore length, and, apart from Coffea canephora, showed a lower stomatal density. Conclusion – The difference in traits over time is probably related to the increase in temperature and to atmospheric CO2 concentration, as the average temperature at Yangambi over the past 60 years has shown an upward trend consistent with global increasing CO2 levels, while the average annual rainfall has remained unchanged. Our results provide a first insight into the response of forest species to climate change in the Congo Basin forests, and on how the understory species and the ecosystem will react in the long term, when the temperature further increases.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 29 Sep 2023 10:40:00 +0300
Vivipary, a rare phenomenon in Afrotropical Melastomataceae: first report in Amphiblemma ciliatum (Sonerileae) https://plecevo.eu/article/106696/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 333-338

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.106696

Authors: Marie Claire Veranso-Libalah, Chen Luo, Ehoarn Bidault

Abstract: Background and aims – Within angiosperms, vivipary has been reported in less than 0.1% of all species. We herein report the first occurrence of vivipary in an Afrotropical Melastomataceae and discuss its phylogenetic position, habit, habitat, and fruit attributes. Material and methods – Observational data were gathered from a field expedition to Gabon, and from herbarium specimens from BR, BRLU, P, and WAG. A phylogeny was generated to map all the eight species exhibiting vivipary in Melastomataceae. Key results – Amphiblemma ciliatum is currently the only known melastome species in the Afrotropics exhibiting vivipary. It is likely that its angular capsules depend on rainwater for seed dispersal. Conclusion – The combination of a herbaceous habit and angular fruits with the occurrence on shaded humid tropical rainforest floor during periods of incessant rainfall and high humidity might be responsible for vivipary in most Melastomataceae.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 22 Sep 2023 11:00:00 +0300
Eulophia edwardii (Orchidaceae), a new species from the Pondoland Centre of Endemism in South Africa https://plecevo.eu/article/105931/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 326-332

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.105931

Authors: Benny Bytebier

Abstract: Background and aims – Despite the fact that the orchid flora of South Africa is well documented, new species are still being discovered. The identity of an Eulophia subpopulation from near Port Edward in KwaZulu-Natal has been ambiguous. Some thought that it belongs to Eulophia schnelliae, currently considered a synonym of Eulophia macowanii, whereas others were of the opinion that it was potentially a new species. Both hypotheses are investigated here. Material and methods – Plants were studied in the field and herbarium specimens, including types, were consulted. The relevant published literature was revised. Key results – Eulophia schnelliae is confirmed as a synonym of Eulophia macowanii. The Port Edward subpopulation does not match any known Eulophia taxon and is newly described as Eulophia edwardii, endemic to the Pondoland Centre of Endemism. It is only known from one subpopulation of about 200 individuals, which is threatened by urban development. It is, therefore, assessed as Critically Endangered according to Criterion B2ab(i,ii,iii). Conclusion – The newly described species increases the number of Eulophia species in South Africa to 29 and the number of endemic Eulophia species to 10. This discovery underlines the need for continued botanical inventories and protection of sensitive grasslands.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 12 Sep 2023 13:13:00 +0300
Johansenicoccus eremophilus gen. et sp. nov., a novel evolutionary lineage in Chlorophyceae with unusual genomic features https://plecevo.eu/article/105762/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 311-325

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.105762

Authors: Karolina Fučíková, Melissa Taylor, Louise A. Lewis, Brian K. Niece, Aleeza S. Isaac, Nicole Pietrasiak

Abstract: Background – Green algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes, yet are still vastly understudied compared to land plants. For many years, green algae were characterized based on their morphology and life cycles. More recently, phylogenetic and genomic analyses have been added to the phycological toolkit for a better understanding of algal biodiversity and evolutionary history. Material and methods – A desert strain of green algae was isolated from Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP) in southern California as part of a larger biodiversity survey. The alga’s nuclear rRNA genes as well as the chloroplast genome were sequenced, annotated, and analysed in addition to a morphological assessment. Results – Morphologically this strain is especially similar to Pseudomuriella and Rotundella, and its lipid profile resembles that of other soil algae, but phylogenomic analyses demonstrate that it is a distinct evolutionary lineage in Chlorophyceae. The alga exhibits several unusual genomic features, the most remarkable being its highly derived yet apparently functional nuclear rRNA genes, 18S and 28S. Both genes are GC-rich and bear many compensatory base changes to maintain a similar secondary structure to that of other green algae. The chloroplast genome has a distinct gene order and repeat arrangement from other published green algal plastomes, but contains the expected genes and also provides phylogenetically informative data. Conclusion – We conclude that the strain be placed into a new species and genus in the class Chlorophyceae, and propose the name Johansenicoccus eremophilus for this new taxon. Johansenicoccus eremophilus exemplifies science’s insufficient understanding of the range of genomic variations among inconspicuous soil algae.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 6 Sep 2023 15:01:00 +0300
The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar https://plecevo.eu/article/98847/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 276-310

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.98847

Authors: Fitiavana Rasaminirina, Isabel Larridon

Abstract: Background and aims – The rise of DNA sequencing in systematics has brought more understanding of the Cyperaceae family worldwide. Through these studies, it has been possible to delineate major clades and classify its species into subfamilies, tribes, and genera. Today, we have a good understanding of the species diversity and geographic distribution of the genera. However, in the case of Madagascar, the only complete taxonomic treatment of Cyperaceae dates from 1937. Although recent monographs exist for some genera in Madagascar, the taxonomic treatment of the Cyperaceae of Madagascar has not been updated until now. Hence, the present work aims to produce an updated treatment at the generic level including descriptions and an identification key of all Cyperaceae genera in Madagascar. Material and methods – Books and scientific articles containing descriptions of the genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar, and information on their ecology and distribution were consulted, as well as herbarium specimens, collections, and data available from online herbaria and aggregator portals. Key results – Madagascar is very rich in Cyperaceae. The species of the Cyperaceae family on the island are distributed in 24 genera, including one endemic genus, i.e. Trichoschoenus. Ten genera are monotypic on the island. Sixteen of the 29 genera described in the Flore de Madagascar remain accepted but the others are now either synonyms of Cyperus, or no longer apply because they are absent from Madagascar, such as Scirpus. Regarding their habitat and ecology, some genera are specific to a particular habitat, like Costularia, while others that are very broadly distributed, like Cyperus and Scleria. Conclusion – Our study provides an updated overview of the genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar, including an identification key, descriptions, and illustrations.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 29 Aug 2023 11:16:00 +0300
The genus Malanea Aubl. (Rubiaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil https://plecevo.eu/article/103395/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(3): 257-275

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.103395

Authors: Rafaela Sales Pereira Roxo, Maria Regina de Vasconcellos Barbosa

Abstract: Background and aims – Malanea (Rubiaceae) is a Neotropical genus of ca 40 species, 15 of which occur in Brazil, with nine found in the Atlantic Forest domain. This study aims to present a taxonomic treatment of the species occurring in the Atlantic Forest domain. Material and methods – We studied collections deposited in 15 Brazilian herbaria, ALCB, BHCB, BHZB, CEPEC, HUEFS, HUFU, IPA, JPB, MAC, OUPR, PEUFR, RFA, RB, UFP, and UFRN, and collections in NY were studied online. Specimens were identified using protologues and digital images of types available online. Key results – Of the nine species of Malanea previously recognized in the Atlantic Forest domain, we accepted seven, six of which are endemic. Malanea macrophylla has a wide distribution also occurring in other Brazilian phytogeographic domains, and adjacent countries. We expanded the distribution of four species and identified Bahia as the possible centre of diversity for the group in the domain. In addition, an identification key to the species, detailed descriptions, taxonomic notes, typifications, illustrations, maps of geographic distribution, and assessments of conservation status are provided. The names Malanea evenosa, M. forsteronioides, M. macrophylla, M. martiana, and M. spicata are here typified. The calculated conservation status revealed three Endangered species, two Vulnerable ones, M. forsteronioides as Near Threatened, and M. macrophylla with a status of Least Concern.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 17 Aug 2023 15:00:00 +0300
To print in red ink: two new species of Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest https://plecevo.eu/article/95601/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 239-256

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95601

Authors: Antonio Campos-Rocha, Alan William Meerow, Mauro Peixoto, Ingrid Koch, Patrícia Aparecida Messias, Julie Henriette Antoinette Dutilh

Abstract: Background and aims – The Atlantic Forest is among the five most important biodiversity hotspots in the world, harbouring one of the highest levels of endemism and species richness in the tropics. The region has been suggested as a centre of diversity for the genus Hippeastrum, which comprises about one hundred species distributed throughout the Neotropics. Due to its large and showy flowers, the genus is highly sought after by collectors and horticulturists around the world, with hundreds of hybrids produced and traded for centuries. However, most of its species are still known from only one or a few populations, and several are officially recognized as endangered. Monographic studies on the genus Hippeastrum in Brazil have revealed two likely microendemic new species from the Atlantic Forest. Material and methods – The morphological descriptions of the new species are based on herbarium specimens and cultivated plants, as well as in situ observations. Descriptions and measures were taken following standard procedures. Preliminary conservation assessments followed IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – Both species show typical morphology of the subgenus Hippeastrum, in which they should be placed. They can be distinguished from similar taxa, including some of the most widely distributed and known species of the genus, by several floral characters. Data on ecology, conservation, and photographs and illustrations are provided, as well as comparisons with related species. An identification key to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest species of Hippeastrum is provided, accompanied by photographs of these species in their natural habitats. Conclusion – The new species are considered critically endangered due to their single known location and small population size. The findings reinforce the need for continued sampling across different regions of the Atlantic Forest, as well as the importance of systematic studies conducted by specialist taxonomists.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 6 Jul 2023 11:46:00 +0300
The family Zingiberaceae in Rwanda with description of two new species of Renealmia https://plecevo.eu/article/99146/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 225-238

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.99146

Authors: Eberhard Fischer, Dorothee Killmann, Jean-Baptiste M. M. Dhetchuvi

Abstract: Background and aims – The Zingiberaceae of Rwanda are revised, and three new records of Aframomum species (A. corrorima, A. daniellii, A. zambesiacum) are provided. One previously recorded species, A. alboviolaceum, has to be excluded from the Flora of Rwanda. Two new species of Renealmia are described from Rwanda and Burundi in connection with the preparation of the family treatment for the Flore d’Afrique centrale. Material and methods – Field work and standard herbarium practices were applied. Key results – Renealmia timmiorum sp. nov. is similar to R. cincinnata and R. cabrae, and R. susannae-katziae sp. nov. is similar to R. africana and R. dewevrei. The differences with these species are discussed and distribution maps for the new taxa are presented. Renealmia timmiorum is assessed as Least Concern (LC), while R. susannae-katziae is assessed as Endangered (EN).

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 8 Jun 2023 11:00:00 +0300
A new epilithic bromeliad (Stigmatodon, Tillandsioideae) from Pedra dos Três Pontões, Espírito Santo, Brazil, with an emended combination for the genus https://plecevo.eu/article/98904/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 215-224

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.98904

Authors: Dayvid Rodrigues Couto, André Pavioti Fontana, Andrea Ferreira da Costa, Claudio Nicoletti de Fraga

Abstract: Background and aims – Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae) is a monophyletic genus currently comprising 33 species, all endemic to rocky outcrops, mainly inselbergs, from the Atlantic Forest and campos rupestres of the Espinhaço range, Brazil. Material and methods – Our fieldwork in the inselbergs of the Atlantic Forest of the state of Espírito Santo led to the discovery of a new Stigmatodon species with a tubo-laciniate stigma type. Standard herbarium taxonomy practices were adopted to study the novelty. Morphological data were obtained from herbarium specimens and fresh material collected in the field. Key results – Stigmatodon lemeanus is here described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters and affinities of the new species are discussed, accompanied by notes on its ecology, geographic distribution, and conservation status. A key to the species of Stigmatodon from Espírito Santo state is provided. The novelty is similar to S. goniorachis from coastal inselbergs of Rio de Janeiro and S. attenuatoides, another inselberg endemic from southern Espírito Santo. Stigmatodon lemeanus is preliminarily assessed as Vulnerable (VU) according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Additionally, we present a new combination of Tillandsia oligantha in Stigmatodon, correcting a nomenclatural error.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 25 May 2023 18:16:00 +0300
The reproductive traits that contribute to the invasive success of Mediterranean onionweed (Asphodelus fistulosus) https://plecevo.eu/article/89362/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 201-214

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.89362

Authors: Oscar Sandino Guerrero-Eloisa, Jordan Golubov, María C. Mandujano, Pedro Luis Valverde

Abstract: Background and aims – Understanding the traits that lead to the invasion potential of invasive alien species (IAS) provides insight for their management. The reproductive traits of IAS help us understand the mechanisms that allow for their invasive potential, and colonization into new ranges. Asphodelus fistulosus is a native Mediterranean species commonly found invading Australia, South-East Asia, South Africa, and North America. Materials and methods – Two populations of A. fistulosus in the Chihuahuan Desert were monitored for reproductive phenology. Floral visitors and their behaviour were described, and we assessed the breeding system through floral morphological characters and the mating system in controlled pollination experiments. Key results – Reproductive phenology showed continuous reproduction throughout the year. Floral morphology suggested a facultative autogamous breeding system, but the mating system was mixed with autonomous selfing. Flowers lasted one day, with anthesis lasting 11 h. Floral visitors of A. fistulosus consisted of a variety of taxa including species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera, the exotic Apis mellifera being the most frequent visitor. Conclusions – The reproductive traits of A. fistulosus in the invaded range provide the biological potential for further invasion. The continuous production of reproductive structures attracts many diverse pollinators, and the autonomous self-pollination implies that a single plant has the potential to develop a new population, which makes the control of this IAS a global challenge.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 12 May 2023 09:36:00 +0300
A taxonomic revision of the ecologically important Ochna holstii (Ochnaceae) complex using molecular and morphological data https://plecevo.eu/article/85589/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 174-200

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85589

Authors: Toral Shah, Fandey H. Mashimba, Haji. O. Suleiman, Yahya S. Mbailwa, Vincent Savolainen, Isabel Larridon, Iain Darbyshire

Abstract: Background and aims – Ochna holstii and its allies represent an ecologically important group in a variety of lowland to montane habitats in tropical eastern and southern Africa. Identifying and delimiting species within this group has proved challenging due to a lack of variation in morphological characters. We combine genomic-scale data of multiple accessions per species with morphological data to generate a taxonomic revision for the Ochna holstii complex using a multi-evidence approach. Material and methods – A total of 50 samples representing eight species were analysed using target enrichment and a custom bait kit. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the multi-species coalescent model and a concatenation maximum likelihood method, and gene tree discordance was investigated. Herbarium specimens of the O. holstii complex were studied in detail for informative morphological characters, supplemented where possible from field collections, and a full taxonomic revision is provided. Key results – Within Ochna sect. Schizanthera Clade I, our study confirms that all species are monophyletic and supported by morphological data with the exception of O. holstii, which is paraphyletic. A new species, O. mchanga, previously confused with O. polyneura, is described, and the placement of another recently described species, O. maguirei, is confirmed for the first time using molecular data. Conclusion – The widespread montane tree Ochna holstii is non-monophyletic in its current circumscription and likely gave rise to the more range-restricted O. oxyphylla and O. stolzii. We suggest that an integrated taxonomy approach, using both molecular and morphological data, is essential for deciphering difficult species relationships in Ochna.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 3 May 2023 11:00:00 +0300
A matter of warts: a taxonomic treatment for Drypetes verrucosa (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a new cauliflorous species from Cameroon and Nigeria, D. stevartii https://plecevo.eu/article/102004/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 160-173

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.102004

Authors: Alejandro Quintanar, Bonaventure Sonké, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Patricia Barberá, Moses Libalah, David J. Harris

Abstract: Background and aims – Specimens of a new tree species in the genus Drypetes (Putranjivaceae) distributed in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria, D. stevartii, were associated with D. verrucosa, another tree species endemic to Gabon, due to its warty fruits and to the overall morphological resemblances of both species. Material and methods – The present study is based on the study of 20 gatherings of D. verrucosa and 26 gatherings of D. stevartii. Morphological observations on herbarium specimens belonging to the new species and D. verrucosa were carried out in order to describe them. Key results – This treatment includes the detailed descriptions of these two species, the typification of their names, a comparative table summarizing their main morphological differences, an identification key, photographs of both, as well as information about their distribution, habitat, and phenology. Preliminary IUCN Red List assessments show that both D. verrucosa and D. stevartii are ‘Near Threatened’ species.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 26 Apr 2023 09:30:00 +0300
Barking up the wrong tree: the dangers of taxonomic misidentification in molecular phylogenetic studies https://plecevo.eu/article/101135/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 146-159

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.101135

Authors: Rafael Felipe de Almeida, Marco O.O. Pellegrini, Isa L. de Morais, Rosangela Simão-Bianchini, Pantamith Rattanakrajang, Martin Cheek, Ana Rita G. Simões

Abstract: Background and aims – Keraunea is a Brazilian endemic genus that has sat uncomfortably in Convolvulaceae where it was placed due to an enlarged and adnate fruit bract typical of Neuropeltis. A recent molecular phylogeny suggested that two of its five morphologically almost identical species actually belong to two different families, Malpighiaceae (superrosids) and Ehretiaceae (superasterids). Later studies have demonstrated that Keraunea effectively belongs to Ehretiaceae, but the proposal of one species belonging to Malpighiaceae has remained problematic. In this study, we re-assess this hypothesis, discuss the issues that have led to this assumption, and offer insights on the importance of carefully using herbarium collections and incorporating morphological evidence in systematic studies. Material and methods – Sequences of matK, rbcL, and ITS for all 77 currently accepted genera of Malpighiaceae, K. brasiliensis and Elatinaceae (outgroup) were compiled from GenBank and analysed with Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference criteria for nuclear, plastid and combined datasets. Additional database and herbarium studies were performed to locate and analyse all duplicates of the holotype of K. brasiliensis to check for misidentified or contaminated material. Key results – Our examination of expanded DNA datasets and herbarium sheets of all K. brasiliensis isotypes revealed that a mistake in tissue sampling was, in fact, what led to this species being proposed to belong in Malpighiaceae. Kew’s isotype had a leaf of Malpighiaceae (likely Mascagnia cordifolia) stored in the fragment capsule, which was sampled and sequenced instead of the actual leaves of K. brasiliensis. Recently published studies have settled the placement of Keraunea in Ehretiaceae (Boraginales) and proposed three additional species. Conclusions – DNA sequences can be helpful in classifying taxa when morphology is conflicting or of a doubtful interpretation, with molecular phylogenetic placement being established as a popular tool accelerating the discovery of systematic relationships. Nonetheless, molecular techniques are also susceptible to methodological mistakes, which necessitates building a solid foundation of plant morphology and taxonomy to avoid artefacts in phylogenetic studies.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 19 Apr 2023 14:14:00 +0300
A new bluish-leaved Syagrus (Arecaceae) from an overlooked OCBIL in the Espinhaço Range (Brazil) https://plecevo.eu/article/101027/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(2): 129-145

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.101027

Authors: Bruno Francisco Sant'Anna-Santos, Rafael Micheli, Luiz Fernando Lima Carvalho, Patrícia Soffiatti

Abstract: Background and aims – This study is part of ongoing research on the Arecaceae Flora of the Serra do Cabral, an isolated massif in the southwest of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais State. Because of the isolation of the massif, the area has a rich biodiversity and a high level of endemism. While searching for populations of the rare and critically endangered Syagrus cabraliensis, a new bluish-leaved palm species was discovered and it is described here. Material and methods – The new species’ morphology is described based on field collections. The pinnae were analysed using SEM and LM cross- and longitudinal sections following default methodology. In addition, we compared the species to S. cabraliensis and provided ecological notes and a conservation status assessment. Key results – Syagrus carvalhoi resembles S. cabraliensis but they can easily be distinguished by morphoanatomical characters. Both species occur non-sympatrically in the Serra do Cabral, in contrasting microhabitats: S. carvalhoi in the southern quartzitic campos rupestres and S. cabraliensis in the northern ferruginous campos rupestres. A key to the known grass-like Syagrus species from the massif is provided. Based on the restricted area of occurrence and the anthropogenic threats, Syagrus carvalhoi is assessed as critically endangered. Conclusion – Syagrus carvalhoi is the second grass-like endemic Syagrus species from the Serra do Cabral and presents rare characters within the genus (grass-like aspect, colonial habit, flowers in tetrads, and the stem forking at or below the ground). This discovery corroborates that this isolated OCBIL is a home for endemic and rare palm species. The Serra do Cabral massif has proved a source of morphological and anatomical novelties in Arecaceae, affecting the taxonomy and understanding of the evolution and ecology of palms. Our results reinforce the notion that it is important to conserve this area with rich and rare biodiversity but under alarming and unprecedented threats.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 12 Apr 2023 10:01:00 +0300
Reassessment of morphological species delimitations in the Cyperus margaritaceus-niveus complex using morphometrics https://plecevo.eu/article/97453/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 112-127

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.97453

Authors: Martin Xanthos, Simon J. Mayo, Isabel Larridon

Abstract: Background and aims – The Cyperus margaritaceus-niveus complex is a group of ten tropical species from sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: C. karlschumannii, C. kibweanus, C. ledermannii, C. margaritaceus, C. niveus, C. nduru, C. obtusiflorus, C. somaliensis, C. sphaerocephalus, and C. tisserantii. They are characterised by a capitate head of white-yellow spikelets and modified culm bases and recent molecular analysis puts them in a distinct clade. The group lacks a modern taxonomic revision, and the taxa described in the Flora treatments of the past 50 years differ considerably in their circumscription. In this study, morphometric analyses are used to test species limits to establish more stable morphological delimitations of the taxa. Material and methods – An examination of 15 morphological characters on 489 herbarium specimens was carried out and the data was analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) with cross-validation, and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. Cyperus kibweanus was not further considered due to lack of material. Key results – Both PCA and LDA showed varying degrees of overlap in the nine remaining taxa, with no single group clearly separating in multivariate space. However, cross-validation clearly showed C. margaritaceus as a distinct entity despite its overwhelming presence in the PCA. Both LDA and CART failed to separate C. niveus as a distinct group as its specimens were dispersed among the other groups. Differing results were obtained for other taxa depending on the type of analysis. Cyperus margaritaceus, C. nduru, and C. sphaerocephalus were divided into two groups by CART but re-examination of the specimens does not definitively support the idea that these infraspecific groups represent separate taxa. Conclusions – The results show that eight morphospecies are recognised by LDA and six morphospecies by CART. Characters used to separate the taxa in Flora treatments scored high loadings in the analysis showing their high taxonomic utility value. The methods used can be applied to resolving other complexes in the Cyperaceae.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 22 Mar 2023 15:31:00 +0200
Sylvainia, a new monospecific genus within the subtribe Cephalanthinae (Rubiaceae, Naucleeae) https://plecevo.eu/article/90423/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 85-111

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.90423

Authors: María Florencia Romero, Ana Maria Gonzalez, Roberto Manuel Salas

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Cephalanthus belongs to the tribe Naucleeae together with 26 other genera. Members of Cephalanthus mainly grow in temperate and subtropical wetlands in the Americas and Asia, but there is a single African species that is associated with forest margins and rocky outcrops in moist temperate grasslands. The genus comprises six species and was historically known to have species with a markedly disjunct distribution: three species are from the Americas: C. glabratus, C. occidentalis, and C. salicifolius; two species are from tropical Asia: C. angustifolius and C. tetrandrus, and one species is from tropical Africa: C. natalensis. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have supported the monophyly of the genus, however, most of the morphological synapomorphies are absent in the only African species, which is sister to the remaining species of the genus. This work aims to provide a short taxonomic revision of the genus Cephalanthus, taking into consideration morphological aspects previously underestimated or not considered, and to describe a new monospecific genus based on comparative morphological analysis. Material and methods – Vegetative and reproductive material from all the species of Cephalanthus were analysed following conventional taxonomy techniques. Key results – We transferred C. natalensis to a new genus, Sylvainia. Morphological similarities and differences between Cephalanthus and the new genus are discussed. Cephalanthus glabrifolius, a poorly known species and previously considered a synonym of C. tetrandrus, is resurrected as a valid species, bringing the number of species in Cephalanthus to six again. All species are described, illustrated, and their known distributions plotted on regional maps. Conclusion – The subtribe Cephalanthinae now has two genera, its type Cephalanthus with six species, and a new monospecific genus Sylvainia endemic to south-eastern Africa. Based on the amended description of Cephalanthus, now absent from Africa, the generic concept is substantially modified, being represented now by three American and three Asian species.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 15 Mar 2023 15:31:00 +0200
Novitates Gabonenses 93: a fresh look at Podostemaceae in Gabon following recent inventories, with a new combination for Ledermanniella nicolasii https://plecevo.eu/article/96359/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 59-84

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.96359

Authors: Ehoarn Bidault, Archange Boupoya, Davy U. Ikabanga, Igor Nguimbit, Nicolas Texier, Rolf Rutishauser, Attila Mesterházy, Tariq Stévart

Abstract: Background and aims – Podostemaceae is a family of strictly aquatic plants found in rapids and waterfalls. Despite a recent treatment in the Flore du Gabon, the family remained poorly known, with no major studies including Gabonese collections, and almost no targeted inventories since 1966. We present the first large-scale inventory of this family in Gabon, targeting Podostemaceae throughout the country, providing new additions to the flora of Gabon and many new records of poorly known species. Material and methods – Fieldwork was conducted in Gabon between 2017 and 2021. The collected specimens were primarily preserved in ethanol with associated silica gel-preserved material and photographs. Material available at BR, BRLU, LBV, MO, P, WAG, and Z/ZT was examined. For each species, information on distribution and ecology is presented, as well as a distribution map in Gabon. Key results – The 500 newly collected specimens represent 91.4% of all known collections of Podostemaceae from Gabon. Three taxa are newly recorded for the country, including one genus (Inversodicraea tenax, Ledermanniella schlechteri, and Saxicolella nana). New distribution records are also presented for 13 little-known species. Four taxa are excluded from the Gabonese flora (the genus Dicraeanthus, Inversodicraea ledermannii, Ledermanniella sanagaensis, and Macropodiella garrettii). To date, 20 species belonging to five different genera are known to occur in Gabon. A new combination is proposed for Ledermanniella nicolasii, and Inversodicraea tanzaniensis is now considered as a synonym of Inversodicraea tenax.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 1 Mar 2023 11:31:00 +0200
Indications of an Achaea sp. caterpillar outbreak disrupting fruiting of an ectomycorrhizal tropical tree in Central African rainforest https://plecevo.eu/article/96572/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 46-58

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.96572

Authors: Julian M. Norghauer, David M. Newbery, Godlove A. Neba

Abstract: Background and aims – Where one or several tree species come to dominate patches of tropical forest, as many masting ectomycorrhizal legumes do in Central Africa, ecological theory predicts they may be prone to herbivory, which might alter their reproductive output. This was indirectly investigated in lowland rainforest in Cameroon for Tetraberlinia korupensis, whose crowns were attacked in 2008 by an outbreaking black caterpillar—identified as an Achaea sp., probably A. catocaloides—in Korup National Park. Material and methods – Field-collected data on tree-level seed and fruit (pod) production of T. korupensis in its 2008 masting event were compared with that of its two co-dominant neighbours (T. bifoliolata, Microberlinia bisulcata), whose populations masted in 2007 (and 2010). To do this, bivariate regression models (linear, polynomial, ZiG [zero-inflated gamma model]), contingency table analysis, and non-parametric measures of dispersion were used. Key results – Assuming T. korupensis is prone to Achaea caterpillar attacks, empirical data support the hypothesized lower proportion of adults participating in its masting (54% in 2008) than for either masting population of M. bisulcata (98% in 2007, 89% in 2010) or T. bifoliolata (96% in 2007, 78% in 2010). These fruiting T. korupensis trees were about one-third larger in stem diameter than conspecific non-fruiters and produced as many pods and seeds per capita as T. bifoliolata. However, regressions only modestly support the hypothesis that the positive tree size–fecundity relationship for T. korupensis was weaker (i.e. lower adj. R2) than for M. bisulcata (whose leaves are morphologically similar) or T. bifoliolata, with mostly similar dispersion about the median among these species. Conclusion – Altogether, the findings suggest a role for tolerance in nutrient-poor forests. It is postulated that instead of conferring resistance to herbivores, the ectomycorrhizas associated with these trees may enable them to more quickly recover from potential yet unpredictable insect outbreaks.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 22 Feb 2023 11:42:00 +0200
The Italian endemic forest plants: an annotated inventory and synthesis of knowledge https://plecevo.eu/article/95929/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 29-45

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95929

Authors: Federico Selvi, Giandiego Campetella, Roberto Canullo, Stefano Chelli, Gianniantonio Domina, Emmanuele Farris, Cristina Gasperini, Leonardo Rosati, Camilla Wellstein, Elisa Carrari

Abstract: Background and aims – Forests are among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide, and endemic plants are often a vulnerable component of the flora of a given territory. So far, however, understory forest endemics of southern Europe have received little attention and are poorly known for several aspects. Material and methods – We developed the first list of native vascular plants that are restricted to Italian forests. Available information on taxonomy, regional distribution, ecology, biology, functional traits, and conservation status was collected for each taxon, allowing to identify major knowledge gaps and calculate baseline statistics. Key results – The list includes 134 taxa, most of which are linked to closed-canopy forest habitats, while the others are also found in margins and gaps. The forest and non-forest Italian endemic flora differed in terms of taxonomic and life-form distribution. The rate and density of forest endemism increased with decreasing latitude and were highest in Sicily, Calabria, and Basilicata, where paleoendemic mono- or oligotypic genera also occur. Endemic phanerophytes were especially numerous on islands. Beech and deciduous oak forests were the most important habitats, but hygrophilous woodlands also host numerous endemics. Overall, the ecology, biology, and functional traits of the forest endemic taxa are still poorly known. The ratio diploids/polyploids was highest in the south and on the islands. Almost 24% of the taxa were assessed as “Critically Endangered”, “Endangered”, or “Vulnerable”, and 24% were categorized as “Data Deficient”, based on the IUCN system. Increasing frequency and intensity of fires was the most frequent threat. Conclusions – This work can contribute to implement the European forest plant species list and serve as a basis for further research on a unique biological heritage of the continent. However, more knowledge about these globally rare taxa is needed, to support their conservation in changing forest landscapes.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 15 Feb 2023 11:31:00 +0200
Why fitness impacts of different herbivores may combine nonadditively, and why it matters to the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore communities https://plecevo.eu/article/95982/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 13-28

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95982

Authors: Michael J. Wise

Abstract: Background and aims – The manner by which the effects of multiple antagonists combine is a fundamental issue in ecology. This issue has been especially important in plant-herbivore evolutionary ecology—particularly predicting whether the combined fitness impacts of multiple herbivores on a shared host plant can be inferred by simply adding the individual impacts that each herbivore has when feeding alone. Despite accumulating empirical data, relatively little theoretical progress has been made in explaining why impacts of herbivore damage often combine nonadditively, as well as predicting the conditions that lead to a greater-than-additive (synergistic) or to a less-than-additive (subadditive) pattern. Material and methods – Based on considerations of limiting resources and source-sink relationships, I proposed and tested two hypotheses: 1) The fitness impacts of two species of herbivores that affect the same resource (i.e. feed on the same tissue in a similar fashion) will combine in a synergistic pattern (if that resource is not limiting reproduction when plants do not experience herbivory), and 2) The fitness impacts of two herbivores that affect different resources (i.e. feed on different tissues) will combine in a subadditive pattern. I performed a field experiment in which horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) was exposed to a factorial combination of four levels of leaf herbivory and five levels of simulated floral herbivory. Key results – The results were consistent with both hypotheses: 1) The combined fitness impact of flower damage that was simulated as being caused by two florivorous species feeding on the same plants was greater than the sum of the same total amount of damage when the two species were simulated as feeding individually; and 2) The combined fitness impact of the leaf and floral damage was less than the sum of the same total amount of damage when the two species fed individually. Conclusions – The main ecoevolutionary implication of these results is that subadditive impacts of leaf- and flower-feeding herbivores could weaken selection for resistance in horsenettle (or any plant species that hosts multiple herbivores), and thus subadditive impacts may contribute to the maintenance of diverse herbivore communities sharing a species of host plant.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 8 Feb 2023 11:00:00 +0200
An assessment of Coutaportla (Chiococceae, Rubiaceae) with the description of a new species from Mexico https://plecevo.eu/article/89764/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 3-12

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.89764

Authors: Alejandro Torres-Montúfar, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Heriberto Ávila-González, Arturo Castro-Castro, Helga Ochoterena

Abstract: Background and aims – Ongoing studies on Mexican Rubiaceae revealed an undescribed species of Coutaportla endemic to the Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests in the state of Sinaloa, near the border with Durango, Mexico. The species is here described and illustrated, and its morphological characters are compared with those of the other species in the genus. Material and methods – This study is based on field observations, examination of herbarium specimens including digital images, and morphological studies based on samples from dried and spirit specimens. Key results – The morphological comparison of taxonomically important characters among the species of Coutaportla reveals conditions that were previously not reported for the genus. The placentation and ovule number of C. lorenceana, which belongs in the Portlandia complex, is comparable to that in the Chiococceae tribe. This tribe was proposed to include the latter complex based on molecular data, but the classification was controversial according to the morphology. Coutaportla lorenceana hence provides a morphological link between the Portlandia complex and the taxa traditionally placed in Chiococceae. The new species is assessed as Critically Endangered following the IUCN Red List criteria.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 9 Jan 2023 09:15:00 +0200
A new species of Parianella (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae) marks the southernmost distribution of the genus in Brazil https://plecevo.eu/article/95130/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 425-432

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95130

Authors: Fabrício Moreira Ferreira, Reyjane P. Oliveira, Lynn G. Clark, Cassiano A. Dorneles Welker

Abstract: Background and aims – Parianella is a relatively recently described genus of the subtribe Parianinae (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae) that includes two species, and it is supposedly endemic to the Bahian Coastal Forests in the central region of Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate a new species of the genus, comparing it with the other species of Parianella. We also provide an updated distribution map of the genus and the conservation status of the new taxon. Material and methods – This study was based on the analysis of herbarium specimens and a literature review. The conservation assessment is based on field observations and spatial analyses, following IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – During a review of the Poaceae collection of the MBML Herbarium, two Parianinae specimens with interesting features were found. A detailed morphological analysis revealed that these specimens belong to a new species of Parianella. The new taxon was collected in two localities in the southern portion of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, one in the municipality of Santa Leopoldina and the other in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, municipality of Cariacica. Both localities are situated in the Krenák-Waitaká Forests, one of the three subregions of the central Atlantic Forest region, and an area of great floristic diversity, including bamboo species. Conclusion – Parianella capixaba represents the southernmost distribution of the genus known to date. With the description of this new species, the total number of bamboos in Espírito Santo state rises to 52 species in 18 genera.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 14 Dec 2022 10:00:00 +0200
A striking new species of Rhipidocladum (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Arthrostylidiinae) with single, terminal-spikelet synflorescences, endemic to Jalisco, Mexico https://plecevo.eu/article/86519/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 417-424

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.86519

Authors: Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez, Christopher D. Tyrrell, Pablo Carrillo-Reyes, A. T. Nuño-Rubio

Abstract: Background and aims – Rhipidocladum, a woody bamboo genus distributed from Mexico to Argentina, has raceme like synflorescences of multiple spikelets. Six of the 21 known species occur in Mexico. In this study, we present a full description, distribution map, illustrations, and photographs of an unusual new Rhipidocladum species endemic to Jalisco, Mexico. Additionally, we provide an updated key to the species of Rhipidocladum in Mexico. Material and methods – This study was based on fieldwork, literature, and herbarium specimens review. Specimens collected were analysed and photographed during fieldwork. The conservation assessment is based on spatial analyses, following the IUCN guidelines and criteria. Results – This is the first species in the genus Rhipidocladum that has synflorescences with only a single, terminal spikelet. Rhipidocladum singuliflorum occurs only in three localities in the municipality of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico. This species inhabits the canyon slopes of rivers in subdeciduous and tropical dry forests, at 6–150 m a.s.l. According to our IUCN assessment, this new species should be considered Critically Endangered.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Nov 2022 11:32:00 +0200
The vascular plant diversity of Burundi https://plecevo.eu/article/85017/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 404-416

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85017

Authors: Salvator Ntore, Franck Theeten, Jacques Nkengurutse, Joël Ndayishimiye, Marc S. M. Sosef

Abstract: Background and aims – The vascular plant diversity of Burundi is still insufficiently explored, described, and understood. The goal of this paper is to show the degree of botanical exploration and the spatial patterns of botanical diversity in Burundi to date. Material and methods – The study is based on a dataset containing virtually all plant collections, observed in herbaria, recorded in databases, or cited in literature, made in Burundi. All data were compiled, cleaned, and each record georeferenced. Various distribution analyses were carried out, some of which were based on a grid of 199 hexagonal cells. Key results – The dataset comprises 37,200 herbarium collections representing 3,860 species grouped in 1,290 genera and 216 families. The expected species richness is estimated at 4,869. The average number of collections per species is 8.8, but 1,149 species (27%) are sampled only once. The seven most species-rich families are Fabaceae (539 spp.), Poaceae (387), Asteraceae (298), Orchidaceae (286), Cyperaceae (272), Rubiaceae (227), and Acanthaceae (128), which together account for over 50% of the vascular plant flora of Burundi. The seven largest genera are Cyperus (90 spp.), Crotalaria (60), Indigofera (50), Polystachya (48), Habenaria (47), Vernonia (45), and Eragrostis (41). In terms of number of herbarium collections, the six most important families are Poaceae (4,754 collections), Fabaceae (4,300), Asteraceae (2,226), Rubiaceae (2,191), Cyperaceae (1,730), and Lamiaceae (1,275). The four areas most intensively explored and with the highest known species diversity are the Rusizi plain, the Kibira rain forest belonging to the Albertine Rift, the Bururi and Rumonge areas in the west, and the Mosso depression in the east. Conclusion – With a collecting index of 133 collections per 100 km2, the botanical exploration of Burundi can be considered as relatively good. However, 28% of the species are only represented by a single record and some 1,000 species are potentially present but have remained uncollected to date. For every 100 new collections, there are on average 6 new species records, indicating that Burundi’s inventory is still not complete.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 16 Nov 2022 17:30:00 +0200
Species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of Silene villosa s.l. (Caryophyllaceae, sect. Silene s.l.) using nrDNA ITS and cpDNA rps16 https://plecevo.eu/article/85790/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 394-403

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85790

Authors: Farzaneh Jafari, Maryam Keshavarzi, Richard K. Rabeler

Abstract: Background and aims – Species delimitation is a necessary investigation for widely distributed species. Examination of herbarium specimens and descriptions in local floras revealed that two forms of Silene villosa were recognized. Form B of S. villosa has been identified as a separate species named S. wendelboi. However, the latter species was not treated as a separate species in local floras. By using molecular tools, we investigated if these forms of S. villosa should be treated as two distinct species or be retained in S. villosa. Material and methods – We created two datasets containing 84 and 46 accessions of nrDNA ITS and cpDNA rps16 regions, respectively, which were extracted mainly from GenBank. Phylogenies were reconstructed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Key results – We propose that S. villosa and S. wendelboi are two separate species, morphologically and phylogenetically. Silene wendelboi was first recognized in SW Iran but we show that the species is distributed in the Persian Gulf and the E Mediterranean region as well. In most cases, S. wendelboi is erroneously identified as S. villosa in these regions. The distribution of S. villosa is much wider, also occurring in SW Asia and North Africa, Egypt, and Algeria. Silene wendelboi differs from S. villosa in calyx texture, calyx length, the ratio of calyx length to pedicel, the shape of the apex of the coronal scale, seed morphology, and molecular data, i.e. ITS and rps16 sequences. Based on those two markers, S. villosa is closely related to S. ayachica, while S. wendelboi shows affinity to S. arabica.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 3 Nov 2022 11:30:00 +0200
Floral ontogeny links Dialypetalanthus (Condamineeae) with the floral developmental morphology of other Rubiaceae https://plecevo.eu/article/84606/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 379-393

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84606

Authors: Alexander Vrijdaghs, Petra De Block, Karen L. G. De Toni, Erik Smets, Elmar Robbrecht

Abstract: Background – Vegetative and fruit characters of the Amazonian genus Dialypetalanthus point to a position in Rubiaceae. However, its floral morphology is so deviant that the genus was often placed in a family of its own. Even relationships outside Gentianales were postulated. Current molecular phylogenetic studies firmly show that Dialypetalanthus belongs to Rubiaceae. Aims – This study aims to understand the idiosyncratic floral morphology in Dialypetalanthus and to compare it with the floral development in two other Condamineeae genera as well as in other Rubiaceae for which ontogenetic data are available. Material and methods – SEM and LM based floral ontogeny in Dialypetalanthus fuscescens, Mussaendopsis beccariana, and Pogonopus exsertus. Results and main conclusions – Flowers in Dialypetalanthus develop a stamen-corolla-calyx tube, which can be considered as a floral morphological link between the genus and the other Rubiaceae. The polyandrous androecium originates from an annular intercalary meristem at the adaxial side of the stamen-corolla-calyx tube.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 19 Oct 2022 10:57:00 +0300
Genetic diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the near-threatened Pinus gerardiana in Gardiz, Afghanistan https://plecevo.eu/article/95754/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 363-378

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95754

Authors: Sayed Jalal Moosavi, Katharina Birgit Budde, Markus Mueller, Oliver Gailing

Abstract: Background and aims – Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) is a near-threatened tree species from the north-western Himalayas. This species is the economically most important pine in Afghanistan because of its edible nuts; however, its distribution range is disjunct and restricted to a few isolated regions. The IUCN lists Chilgoza as a near threatened species because of overexploitation of its nuts and a declining population trend. This research is the first in-depth analysis of the genetic variability and structure of Chilgoza in Afghanistan using microsatellite markers. Material and methods –We tested cross-amplification of 44 SSR markers developed for pine species. Eight polymorphic EST-SSRs were genotyped in a natural Chilgoza population in Gardiz, Afghanistan. To evaluate the genetic diversity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS), signatures of bottleneck events, and the effective population size, 191 trees were sampled and genotyped. Based on the diameter at breast height, individuals were classified as young or old trees. Key results – Genetic variation in the whole population was moderate. For individual markers, He ranged from 0.130 to 0.515 (mean = 0.338) and Ho from 0.118 to 0.542 (mean = 0.328). The expected heterozygosity in young trees was slightly lower than in old trees. The SGS was stronger for young trees (Sp = 0.0100) than for old trees (Sp = 0.0029). Heterozygosity excess analysis detected no recent population size reduction, but the M ratio revealed an ancient and prolonged bottleneck in the Chilgoza population. Conclusion – Identification of suitable EST-SSRs for future studies of natural Chilgoza populations provides important tools for the conservation of the species. Despite the moderate genetic variation in Gardiz, scarcity of natural regeneration is likely to reduce the genetic variation and adaptability in future generations. Our results indicated a slight decrease in genetic diversity and stronger SGS in young trees calling for conservation measures fostering natural regeneration.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 5 Oct 2022 15:39:52 +0300
Waltheria marielleae (Byttnerioideae, Malvaceae), a new species from north-eastern Brazil supported by morphological and phylogenetic evidence https://plecevo.eu/article/94921/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 353-362

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.94921

Authors: Thales Silva Coutinho, Mariela Analía Sader, Andrea Pedrosa-Harand, Marccus Alves

Abstract: Background – Waltheria marielleae is a new species of Malvaceae endemic to north-eastern Brazil that occurs only in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, in areas of Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. It is characterized by cinereous leaves, axillary and sessile to subsessile inflorescences, pallid yellow corollas with apically eciliate petals and fan-plumose stigmas. Material and methods – DNA was extracted from leaf tissue and the markers matK, ndhF, and ITS were amplified using universal primers, with PCR products purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, including DNA sequences obtained from GenBank. Morphological studies were based on the analysis of specimens deposited in seven herbaria and specimens collected in Pernambuco state, Brazil. Results – Waltheria marielleae is morphologically and phylogenetically related to pantropical W. indica and W. ackermanniana, with these three species forming a well-supported clade. Overall, phylogenetic molecular analysis suggests the monophyly of Waltheria, with the two currently proposed sections also being monophyletic, and Melochia as its sister group. The new species is assessed here as Endangered, according to IUCN criteria. In addition, we formally present new occurrences of W. ackermanniana and W. rotundifolia. Conclusion – In this study, a complete morphological description, illustration, distribution map, and phylogenetic tree are provided for Waltheria marielleae. This species is compared with morphologically and phylogenetically related species (W. ackermanniana, W. indica, and W. rotundifolia) and an identification key to the species occurring in Alagoas and Pernambuco is provided.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 21 Sep 2022 10:54:00 +0300
Increasing knowledge on the diversity of canelas-de-ema in the campo rupestre: two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) from the southern Espinhaço Range, Brazil https://plecevo.eu/article/94326/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 343-352

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.94326

Authors: Andressa Cabral, Renato Albuquerque Magri, Jenifer de Carvalho Lopes

Abstract: Background and aims – Two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) are here described and illustrated, Vellozia albohexandra and V. mellosilvae. These new species are morphologically similar to Vellozia armata, V. luteola, and V. inselbergae, probably belonging to the same informal group. Material and methods – Morphological and anatomical descriptions were based on herbarium specimens and in situ observations. Standard taxonomy and plant anatomy practices and methods were applied. Key results – Vellozia albohexandra can be easily distinguished from the other species of the group of V. luteola by its sessile flowers with white and smaller petals and sepals, six stamens, and smaller style and stigma. The species is endemic to the Cristália municipality, Minas Gerais state, and has been classified as Data Deficient according to IUCN criteria. Vellozia mellosilvae shares morphological affinities with V. armata, but it is distinguished by the leaves with serrate margin and abaxial furrows, longer and evident pedicel, and larger petals and sepals. This species is endemic to the Itacambira municipality, and should be considered Critically Endangered.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 7 Sep 2022 16:31:52 +0300
A new species of Amorphophallus (Araceae) from Eastern D.R. Congo, and a new record of the genus from Rwanda https://plecevo.eu/article/93804/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(3): 333-342

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.93804

Authors: Eberhard Fischer, Bonny Dumbo, Landry Dumbo

Abstract: Background and aims – A new species of Amorphophallus (Araceae) is described from D.R. Congo in connection with preparing the family treatment for the Flore d’Afrique centrale. Another species is recorded for the first time from Rwanda. Methods – Standard herbarium practices were applied. Key results – Amorphophallus dumboi sp. nov. is related to A. margretae. The differences between these species are discussed and distribution maps for the taxa are presented. Both species are range-restricted in the Albertine Rift and preliminarily assessed as Critically Endangered. Amorphophallus mayoi is for the first time recorded for Rwanda. The taxon, originally described as a subspecies of A. calabaricus, is raised here to specific rank.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 26 Aug 2022 08:08:48 +0300
Leaf morphospace in Euphorbia tithymaloides (Euphorbiaceae) was likely shaped by evolutionary contingencies rather than climate https://plecevo.eu/article/91487/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 315-331

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.91487

Authors: Luis Emiliano Jacobo-Arteaga, Max Demián Medina-Rodríguez, Brenda Hernández-Hernández, Itzel Aurora Piña de la Rosa, N. Ivalú Cacho

Abstract: Background and aims – Understanding whether variation in plant attributes is primarily driven by selection or historical contingencies is a main goal in evolutionary biology. We characterize leaf diversity in Euphorbia tithymaloides and identify patterns related to taxonomy, geography, biogeography, and climate that provide insights on the role of ecological and evolutionary forces in shaping its leaf diversity. Material and methods – We constructed a leaf morphospace using linear morphometric measurements derived from images (leaf maximum length and width, area, and perimeter), and calculated indexes that reflect aspects of leaf shape (leaf aspect ratio, area-perimeter ratio, obovate index, and circularity). Climatic data were extracted from WorldClim layers based on occurrence data. We visualized leaf and climate spaces with principal components analyses and used Kruskal-Wallis tests, linear models, and Mantel tests to test predictors of leaf variation (taxonomy, geography, climate). Key results – We document differences in the foliar morphospace occupied by subspecies of Euphorbia tithymaloides, and a substantial overlap in the climatic space they occupy, suggesting that foliar differences among subspecies are not likely driven by climate. Foliar morphology can be used as a proxy for subspecies in E. tithymaloides, as taxonomy explains a large proportion of variation in leaf morphology (10–60%). Geography and climate explain a small proportion of foliar variation not explained by subspecies (~3% and 5%, respectively). Temperature, precipitation, and seasonality are the climate variables with most explicative power. Conclusion – Leaf diversity in E. tithymaloides is not driven by climate, instead, it is likely the result of evolutionary contingencies faced by this species throughout its historical range expansion across the Caribbean Basin. This study shows that historical contingencies in addition to selection acting on ecological processes can shape foliar diversity and expand a lineage’s potential to explore morphological and climatic spaces.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 17 Aug 2022 14:31:51 +0300
Nuclear ribosomal phylogeny of Brachystegia: new markers for new insights about rain forests and Miombo woodlands evolution https://plecevo.eu/article/91373/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 301-314

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.91373

Authors: Arthur F. Boom, Jérémy Migliore, Esra Kaymak, Pierre Meerts, Olivier J. Hardy

Abstract: Background and aims – Brachystegia is a species-rich tree genus found in tropical Africa and a typical element of Miombo woodlands, a widely distributed subtype of the Zambezian savanna. Plastid DNA was shown to be largely uninformative to assess species phylogenetic relationships due to widespread chloroplast capture among species. Here, we aim to assess the capacity of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to clarify the phylogeny of Brachystegia species while accounting for intra-individual site polymorphisms (2ISPs), which are often present in rDNA and potentially phylogenetically informative. Material and methods – Genome skimming sequencing on 47 samples representing 27 of the 29 currently recognized Brachystegia species, allowed us to retrieve complete nuclear ribosomal cistrons encoding for 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNA genes (35S rDNA). We reconstructed the Brachystegia phylogeny using Maximum Likelihood methods based on the standard substitution model or integrating 2ISPs (GENOTYPE implementation in RAxML-NG). We additionally tested the effect of partitioning the data (one partition for rDNA genes and one for the ITS1+ITS2). We also conducted network inferences (Neighbor-Net splits graph), as a strict bifurcative approach might not properly model topological uncertainty at shallow phylogenetic depth. Key results – 2ISPs-aware and standard phylogenetic reconstructions are largely congruent. We identified several well-supported main clades clarifying the species relationships, including two clades of Miombo woodlands species. Miombo Group A includes species with ovoid to globose axillary dormant buds, while Miombo Group B species have flattened ones. Two morphologically close Brachystegia species (B. kennedyi and B. leonensis) found in Guineo-Congolian rain forests form also a robustly supported clade. 2ISPs coding allowed to identify an additional Guineo-Congolian clade (B. eurycoma and B. nigerica). Ribosomal DNA therefore proves more useful to explore the generic phylogeny than plastid DNA but the species relationships within and among the main clades remain poorly resolved, probably due to recent diversification and/or recurrent hybridization, so that the diversification of Brachystegia remains to be more properly characterised. Conclusion – Nuclear and plastid phylogenetic reconstructions of Brachystegia species are discordant. Even if not well-resolved, rDNA phylograms and networks are characterized by taxonomic sorting, while we observe a strictly geographic sorting in the plastid dataset. Most of the species’ relationships remain to be characterized using additional nuclear markers combined with in-depth morphological investigations.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 12 Aug 2022 12:01:31 +0300
Revision of Carapichea (Rubiaceae-Psychotrieae) in the Guianas, with two new combinations and transfer of three species to Notopleura https://plecevo.eu/article/90936/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 275-300

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.90936

Authors: Olivier Lachenaud, Piero G. Delprete

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae), recently resurrected and separated from Psychotria, currently includes 24 Neotropical species and is morphologically heterogeneous. A revision of the genus in the Guianas is presented here, as part of the authors’ work on the Rubiaceae treatment in the Flora of the Guianas series. Material and methods – This paper is based on a study of herbarium specimens from BBS, BM, BR, BRB, CAY, INPA, K, P, P-JJR, and U; type specimens from other herbaria were consulted online. Some of the species were also studied in the field by the authors. Normal practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied. Results – Three species previously included in Carapichea (C. altsonii, C. nivea, and C. sandwithiana) show aberrant characters for the genus and are transferred to Notopleura; new combinations are published for the former two (N. altsonii and N. nivea). Eight species of Carapichea, one of them still imperfectly known, are recorded from the Guianas; a ninth species, C. araguariensis, is included in this revision as it is expected to occur in the region. New combinations are published for two species: Carapichea galbaoensis and C. squamelligera, based on Psychotria galbaoensis and P. squamelligera, respectively; the former species was previously included in synonymy of C. guianensis, which is here redefined in a narrower sense. The delimitation of C. ligularis is expanded to include C. pacimonica as a synonym. The first records of C. adinantha in French Guiana – and the Guiana Shield – are documented. The taxonomy of the two remaining species, C. tillettii and C. urniformis, is left unchanged. For every species a complete description is presented, as well as data on distribution, ecology, phenology, local names (when known), and a list of collections studied.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 2 Aug 2022 16:16:18 +0300
The fate of Holoregmia, a monospecific genus endemic to the Brazilian Caatinga, under different future climate scenarios https://plecevo.eu/article/90511/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 261-274

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.90511

Authors: Taynara Rabelo-Costa, Paulo Weslem Portal Gomes, Brenda Oliveira Rocha, Iury Leite Cruz, Ravena Santiago Alves, Tiê Rocha de Sousa Oliveira, José Luís Passos Cordeiro, Moabe Ferreira Fernandes, Eimear Nic Lughadha, Marcelo Freire Moro

Abstract: Background and aims – Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene altered the distribution of many species and even entire biomes, allowing some species to increase their range while others underwent reductions. Recent and ongoing anthropogenic climate change is altering climatic patterns very rapidly and is likely to impact species’ distributions over shorter timescales than previous natural fluctuations. Therefore, we aimed to understand how Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations might have shaped the current distribution of Holoregmia and explore its expected distribution under future climate scenarios. Material and methods – We modelled the potential distribution of Holoregmia viscida (Martyniaceae), a monospecific plant genus endemic to the semi-arid Caatinga Domain in Brazil. We used an ensemble approach to model suitable areas for Holoregmia under present conditions, Paleoclimatic scenarios, and global warming scenarios in 2050 and 2090. Key results – Holocene climates in most Caatinga were too humid for Holoregmia, which restricted its suitable areas to the southern Caatinga, similar to its current distribution. However, under global warming scenarios, the Caatinga is expected to become too dry for this lineage, resulting in a steady decline in the area suitable for Holoregmia and even its possible extinction under the most pessimistic scenario modelled. Conclusion – The predicted extinction of the ancient and highly specialized Holoregmia viscida highlights the possible consequences of climate change for some species of endemic Caatinga flora. Invaluable phylogenetic diversity may be lost in the coming decades, representing millions of years of unique evolutionary history and consequent loss of evolutionary potential to adapt to future environmental changes in semi-arid environments.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 22 Jul 2022 10:20:53 +0300
Impatiens smetsiana, another example of convergent evolution of flower morphology in Impatiens https://plecevo.eu/article/89701/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 248-260

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.89701

Authors: Steven B. Janssens, Hermann Taedoumg, Steven Dessein

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Impatiens is known for its enormous convergent phenotypic adaptation, with similar floral traits having independently evolved in distantly related lineages. The large functional convergence of Impatiens flowers causes a high degree of homoplasy for several phenotypic characters resulting in increased difficulties to distinguish between species with a similar morphology that are only distantly related, however. As a result, some species remain under the radar, as they are confused with other well-known species. This was the case for a new Impatiens species from the Tchabal Mbabo Mountains in Cameroon – Impatiens smetsiana – that was initially mistaken for the morphologically similar species I. erecticornis, an endemic from Central East Africa. Material and methods – A combined molecular-morphological approach was applied in which phylogenetics (ITS, ImpDEF1, and ImpDEF2), biogeography, and age estimation analyses were combined with morphological data on floral and vegetative structures. Key results – In this study, we demonstrate the close affinity of the newly collected material with a group of Equatorial West African species, including I. filicornu, I. nzabiana, I. oumina, and I. kamerunensis. The present finding represents a clear case of convergent evolution in which two distantly related taxa independently converged on practically the same flower morphology. Conclusion – Within Impatiens, several examples of floral homoplasy have been observed yet not in such a clear way. The convergent evolution of the flowers of I. smetsiana and I. erecticornis is undoubtedly closely correlated with an adaptation to a similar pollination syndrome.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 6 Jul 2022 11:01:20 +0300
Medicinal Vitex species (Lamiaceae) occupy different niches in Haut-Katanga tropical dry woodlands https://plecevo.eu/article/89394/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 236-247

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.89394

Authors: Salvatora Nsenga Nkulu, Pierre Meerts, Edouard Ilunga wa Ilunga, Mylor Ngoy Shutcha, David Bauman

Abstract: Background and aims – Sustainable management of the medicinal plant resources provided by tropical forests is of utmost importance to human populations in developing countries. Trees and shrubs of the genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) are of great medicinal importance in Haut-Katanga (SE D.R. Congo), frequently used to treat tropical diseases. However, the security of supply is threatened, particularly by urban sprawl and mining. A conservation strategy for medicinal plants is urgently needed. In this context, we try to better understand the ecological factors (mostly soil) explaining the distribution of three medicinal species of Vitex (Lamiaceae) (V. fischeri, V. madiensis, and V. mombassae) that co-occur in the tropical dry woodlands in the region of Lubumbashi. Material and methods – In 114 plots (10 m radius), comprising at least one species of Vitex, all woody species with a DBH ≥ 10 cm were inventoried and soil samples were collected. Multivariate Regression Trees (MRT) combined with indicator species index IndVal and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to characterise habitats and woody plant communities associated to each Vitex species and to explain the variability of plant community composition. Key results – Four habitats were identified, and the three Vitex species differ significantly in ecological range. Vitex fischeri is a specialist of a most distinctive community on high Mg and low Al soil (termite mounds). Vitex mombassae is indicative of one habitat, corresponding to low altitude (< 1230 m) plots. Vitex madiensis has a broader range, being a generalist of all habitats except termite mounds. Conclusion – These results emphasise the importance of a detailed knowledge of species ecology to design species-specific conservation strategies, even for congeneric species occurring in sympatry in the same landscape.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 29 Jun 2022 12:01:18 +0300
Three new Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyceae) species from Lake Salda (Anatolia, Turkey), a deep soda lake https://plecevo.eu/article/89304/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 221-235

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.89304

Authors: Cüneyt Nadir Solak, Agata Zofia Wojtal, Łukasz Peszek, Mateusz Rybak, Elif Yilmaz, Romain Gastineau, Saúl Blanco

Abstract: Background and aims – Kützing separated the genus Achnanthidium from the genus Achnanthes based on two species: Achnanthes minutissima and Achnanthidium microcephalum. These two genera were distinguished by the presence of stalks in the Achnanthes genus and their absence in Achnanthidium. Before electron microscopy, the difference between Achnanthes and Achnanthidium was not clear, especially in Achnanthidium minustissimum sensu lato. The aim of the study is to describe three new species of Achnanthidium from Lake Salda. Material and methods – Lake Salda is located in southwestern Anatolia, in Turkey. The diatoms were collected seasonally from four stations in the lake between 2016 and 2020, from different substrata (epipelic, epiphytic, and epilithic). Key results – Three new species belonging to the genus Achnanthidium have been found in Lake Salda, Turkey. Based on the morphological observations, all new taxa are part of the Achnanthidium minutissimum complex. Achnanthidium barlasii sp. nov. and A. dumlupinarii sp. nov. show a high degree of similarity to each other, but can be separated based on valve outline and a denser areolation, especially in striae close to the apices of the raphe valve. Both species can be distinguished from A. minutissimum based on more separate apices and less elliptic valves. In the case of A. dumlupinarii sp. nov., large specimens show slight undulations of the valve, which is a unique feature. Achnanthidium anatolicum sp. nov. is the most characteristic based on its valve width, broadly rounded valve apices, and almost straight valves in girdle view. All newly described Achnanthidium species can be found in lentic environments, with alkaline water and high calcium ion content. Conclusion – The newly described taxa occurred in the unique habitat of a soda lake. The environment of the lake is highly alkaline, rich in magnesium and calcium, and derived from limestone and dolomitic limestone rocks.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 24 Jun 2022 11:42:27 +0300
Phenological patterns of herbaceous Mediterranean plant communities in spring: is there a difference between native and formerly-cultivated grasslands? https://plecevo.eu/article/86335/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 207-220

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.86335

Authors: Manon C.M. Hess, Pilar Angélica Gómez-Ruiz, Leonor Patricia C. Morellato, Elise Buisson

Abstract: Background and aims – Plant phenology, defined as the timing of recurring life events like leaf flushing, flowering, or fruiting, is highly sensitive to environmental factors such as photoperiod, temperature, and moisture. Phenological synchrony between interacting species – such as plants and their pollinators – is of major importance to the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Plant phenology might also be affected by changes in edaphic conditions. However, whether former agricultural activities may shift phenological patterns of plant communities remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the impact of past agricultural practices on herbaceous plant community phenology in the protected Mediterranean xeric grassland of La Crau (France). Material and methods – We compared (1) species composition, and (2) phenological patterns of annuals, perennials, Bromus rubens (annual), and Lobularia maritima (perennial), in formerly-cultivated plots – abandoned for 30 years – and intact native grassland plots (steppe), both subjected to itinerant sheep grazing. Key results and conclusion – Our results suggest that former agricultural activities can affect species composition of Mediterranean xeric grassland communities with differences visible after 30 years of abandonment, but only altered phenological patterns slightly. We suggest that climatic factors and sheep grazing acted as strong habitat filters constraining community assembly at the phenological level.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 23 May 2022 08:48:03 +0300
Flora and fire in an old-growth Central African forest-savanna mosaic: a checklist of the Parc National des Plateaux Batéké (Gabon) https://plecevo.eu/article/85954/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 189-206

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85954

Authors: Gretchen M. Walters, Diosdado Nguema, Raoul Niangadouma

Abstract: Background and aims – Old-growth savannas in Africa are impacted by fire, have endemic and geoxylic suffrutices, and are understudied. This paper explores the Parc National des Plateaux Batéké (PNPB) in Gabon and the impact of fire on its flora to understand if it is an old-growth savanna. It presents 1) a vascular plant checklist, including endemic species and geoxylic suffrutices and 2) an analysis of the impact of fire on the savanna herbaceous flora, followed by recommendations for fire management to promote plant diversity. Material and methods – 1,914 botanical collections from 2001–2019 collected by the authors and others were extracted from two herbaria databases in 2021 to create the checklist. The impact of fire was explored through a three season plot-based inventory of plant species (notably forbs and geoxylic suffrutices) in five annually, dry-season burned study areas located at 600 m in elevation. A two-factor ANOVA was conducted across two burn treatments and three season treatments. Key results – The area has a vascular flora of 615 taxa. Seven species are endemic to the Plateaux Batéké forest-savanna mosaic. Seventeen species are fire-dependent geoxylic suffrutices, attesting to the ancient origins of these savannas. Burning promotes fire-dependent species. Conclusion – The PNPB aims to create a culturally-adapted fire management plan. The combination of customary fire and fire-adapted species in the savanna creates a unique ancient forest-savanna mosaic in Central Africa that merits protection while recognising the role that the Batéké-Alima people have in shaping and governing this landscape.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 5 May 2022 12:10:00 +0300
The breeding system of Hyacinthoides non-scripta (Asparagaceae): assessing the role of geitonogamy with captive pollinators https://plecevo.eu/article/85658/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 182-188

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85658

Authors: Javier Guitián, Pablo Guitián

Abstract: Background and aims – In self-incompatible species, geitonogamous pollen deposition can result in stigma clogging, with negative effects on cross-fertilisation and subsequently reduced fruit and seed set. In this work, using laboratory and field experiments with pollinators in captivity, we describe the reproductive system of Hyacinthoides non-scripta and analyse the effect of the different mechanisms of pollen transfer, trying to quantify the effect of geitonogamy on the reproductive success of the species. Material and methods – Using laboratory and field experiments with pollinators in captivity we evaluated the effect of the different types of pollen transfer. Key results – The results show that H. non-scripta is a self-incompatible species and the pollen tubes in autogamous and geitonogamous pollination are rejected at the base of the style. In the field experiments, the presence of geitonogamous pollen on the stigma did not prevent subsequent fertilization by xenogamous pollen, but it reduced seed production. Conclusion – This study provides evidence that natural rates of geitonogamy significantly reduce female fitness in plants with large numbers of flowers per inflorescence and show how experiments with captive pollinators can help quantify the intensity of this effect.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 28 Apr 2022 20:00:00 +0300
On the occasion of its 160 th birthday, Plant Ecology and Evolution gets a makeover https://plecevo.eu/article/84881/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 181-181

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84881

Authors: Brecht Verstraete

Abstract:

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Editorial Tue, 26 Apr 2022 10:00:00 +0300
Mitracarpus semirianus (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), an overlooked new species from the “campo rupestre” of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, with notes on Mitracarpus lhotzkyanus https://plecevo.eu/article/84548/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 165-177

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84548

Authors: João Carmo, André Scatigna, Gustavo Shimizu, André Simões

Abstract: Background and aims – Mitracarpus semirianus, an overlooked new species from the “campo rupestre” of the Chapada Diamantina, in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, is here described and illustrated. Specimens of the new species have been previously identified as M. frigidus or M. lhotzkyanus, with which its distinction is discussed. We also provide an updated description of the latter, with notes on its type specimens. In addition, we comment on the distribution, habitat, and preliminary conservation status of both M. semirianus and M. lhotzkyanus. We also provide an updated identification key to the species of Mitracarpus occurring in Brazil.Material and methods – This study was based on fieldwork collections and observations and analysis of specimens deposited in herbaria. Preliminary conservation status assessments follow the IUCN Red List criteria.Key results – Mitracarpus semirianus differs from M. frigidus and M. lhotzkyanus by its glabrous stems, winged at each angle, wing margin hirsute, glabrous leaf blades, and the oblongoid and slightly compressed seeds, with a smooth longitudinal groove dorsally and an inverted “Y”-shaped groove ventrally. The new species is assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN criteria. Furthermore, it is more likely that Riedel, not Lhotzky, collected the original material of the name M. lhotzkyanus. This species is glabrate, not completely glabrous, presenting a generally strigose indumentum on the stems, stipular sheaths, and leaf blades.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
New and little-known species of Englerodendron (Leguminosae-Detarioideae) from Central Africa, with a revised key to the genus https://plecevo.eu/article/84547/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 153-164

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84547

Authors: Olivier Lachenaud, Ehoarn Bidault

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Englerodendron (Leguminosae-Detarioideae) has recently been enlarged to include Isomacrolobium and Pseudomacrolobium, and currently includes 18 tropical African species. The recent discovery of a new species in Gabon has led us to re-evaluate the delimitation of several taxa in the genus.Material and methods – This paper is based on field work by the authors in Gabon, and on a study of herbarium material from BR, BRLU, K, LBV, MO, P, and WAG; normal practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied.Results – Englerodendron nguemae is described and illustrated as a new species, endemic to Gabon. It is remarkable for the variation in its leaves, which may be 2-jugate, 1-jugate, or unifoliolate on the same plant. The species is most similar to E. brachyrhachis, but the latter has uniformly 2-jugate leaves; E. nguemae also differs in its longer and more broadly winged leaf rachis (if present) that is convex (not flat) above, its stamen filaments pubescent at the base, and its glabrous style. Several collections from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, previously associated with E. obanense, are considered here to represent two different taxa. One of them, E. macranthum (a new combination and name at new rank based on Macrolobium isopetalum var. macranthum, which is raised to species status), is endemic to the Mayombe range and differs from E. obanense by its inflorescences branched from the base or nearly so, and its shorter 1-seeded pods. The other taxon, still imperfectly known and here treated as Englerodendron sp. A, is endemic to the Kivu region; it differs from E. obanense by its large foliaceous stipules and from E. conchyliophorum by the lack of a basal auricle on the stipules. In addition, the first records of E. leptorrhachis from Equatorial Guinea, and of E. conchyliophorum from the Republic of the Congo, are documented, and a revised key to the now 21 species (one undescribed) of Englerodendron is presented.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Unravelling the diversity of the lichen genus Porina (Porinaceae) in Mauritius https://plecevo.eu/article/84545/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 123-152

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84545

Authors: Damien Ertz, Paul Diederich

Abstract: Background and aims – Despite the publication of a recent checklist for Mauritius, a small archipelago in the south-western Indian Ocean, our knowledge of the lichen flora of this region remains incomplete. The present contribution is part of an ongoing study of lichen diversity of the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues. It aims to unravel the diversity of the genus Porina s.l. on these islands and to improve the taxonomy and the phylogeny of the family Porinaceae following the morphological study and the sequencing of recently collected material.Material and methods – Lichens were collected in 2016 and 2019 in a range of environments, from lowland dry habitats up to dense evergreen upland forests on the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues. In total, 85 samples of Porina were examined using light microscopy. A molecular study using mtSSU sequences was performed in order to investigate the phylogenetic position of the species of Porina occurring in the study area.Key results – The analyses revealed the presence of 23 species of Porina s.l. in Mauritius, while only four were previously accepted for this country. Five new species are described: Porina covidii, P. griffithsii, P. mauritiana, P. nuculoides, and P. rupicola, while two sterile species remain unidentified. The mtSSU phylogenetic tree includes 19 of the 23 species occurring in Mauritius. These species are dispersed throughout the phylogenetic tree, in at least eight main and strongly supported lineages, suggesting multiple colonizations of Mauritius. A new lineage only including Paleotropical and mainly foliicolous species (P. epiphylloides, P. longispora, P. mauritiana, and P. mazosioides) is revealed. Pseudosagedia crocynioides, a species that was previously known only from Florida, is newly reported from Mauritius, highlighting a remarkable disjunct distribution. Photos of each taxon are provided, along with an identification key to all species.Conclusion – The study of the genus Porina in Mauritius highlights a rich flora. The true diversity of Porina species in the south-western Indian Ocean is certainly underestimated and in need of further investigation, while a taxonomic-phylogenetic revision of tropical Porina at a broader geographical scale is highly desirable. The identity of several Mauritian specimens remains uncertain despite the use of molecular data.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Taxonomic and biogeographical analysis of diatom assemblages from historic bryophyte samples from Campbell Island (sub-Antarctic) https://plecevo.eu/article/84543/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 107-122

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84543

Authors: Charlotte Goeyers, Dale H. Vitt, Bart Van de Vijver

Abstract: Background and aims – The past two decades, the non-marine diatom flora in the sub-Aantarctic region has been intensively revised. Historic collections provide excellent tools for answering taxonomic, community-related, and biogeographical questions. This study analysed the moss-inhabiting diatom flora from sub-Antarctic Campbell Island in samples collected in 1969–1970 and retrieved from the British Antarctic Survey herbarium (Cambridge, UK). With this study we attempt to expand our, till now sparse, knowledge on the moss-inhabiting diatom flora in the southern Pacific Ocean.Material and methods – In total, the diatom composition in 32 moss samples has been analysed using Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A biogeographical analysis and community analysis of the Campbell Island diatom flora were conducted.Key results – Analysis of the Campbell Island diatom flora revealed the presence of 141 taxa belonging to 45 genera. The species composition in the dominant genera Planothidium, Humidophila, and Psammothidium, the presence of Epithemia, Rhopalodia, Cocconeis, uncommon in the sub-Antarctic region, and many unidentified taxa point to the uniqueness of the Campbell Island diatom flora. The biogeographical analysis showed an overall low similarity with the other sub-Antarctic and the Maritime Antarctic islands. Four different diatom assemblages were distinguished following the community analysis. Moisture level and habitat type seem to be the main factors shaping the Campbell Island diatom assemblages.Conclusion – The results of the Campbell Island diatom analysis highlight the importance of historic herbarium material. Since the examined flora is largely composed of unknown (presumably new) species, it is vital to analyse additional (historic) samples to complete the assessment of the moss diatom assemblages from Campbell Island.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Diversity and habitat preferences of benthic diatoms from South Bay (Livingston Island, Antarctica) https://plecevo.eu/article/84534/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 70-106

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84534

Authors: Ralitsa Zidarova, Plamen Ivanov, Elitsa Hineva, Nina Dzhembekova

Abstract: Background and aims – Despite a long research history, knowledge of Antarctic marine benthic diatoms is fragmentary. This study reports on marine benthic diatoms from South Bay, Livingston Island, focusing on diatoms living on hard substrata, and species distribution across different coastal habitats.Material and methods – Samples were collected from tidal pools (19), intertidal cobbles (9), artificial substrata installed at various depths (10), coastal rocks (2), and bottom sediments at depths > 20 m (2). Species identifications and community analyses were done using LM with additional information obtained using SEM. nMDS based on diatom abundance data was applied to display differences between the samples by habitat/substratum type and sampling month. The significance of the habitat/substratum type and sampling month on diatom communities was checked with PERMANOVA. Similarity/dissimilarity within and between sample groups and their contributing species were explored with SIMPER.Key results – In total, 133 diatom taxa were recorded, of which 110 are benthic. A large number of taxa could not be certainly identified. Taxonomic remarks and ecology and distribution data for some rarely reported species with convoluted taxonomic and nomenclatural histories are given. One new combination is proposed. Diatom communities were influenced by the habitat/substratum type, but not by seasonality. Significant differences existed between communities in tidal pools and those on cobbles, artificial substrata, and sediments, and between those on sediments and artificial substrata. Navicula aff. perminuta dominated on cobbles and often on artificial substrata. Species forming mucilage tubes, tree-like colonies, and chains of cells embedded in mucilage were restricted to tidal pools.Conclusion – Benthic diatom communities from South Bay are highly diverse and species show distinct distributions in the coastal habitats, but the scarce studies and often confusing nomenclature history of the taxa make their identification challenging, and potentially common species for the region remain unknown.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Seed morphology of Hamelieae with emphasis on the Deppea complex (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae) https://plecevo.eu/article/84486/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 51-69

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84486

Authors: María Aguilar-Morales, Helga Ochoterena-Booth, Teresa Terrazas

Abstract: Background and aims – The neotropical tribe Hamelieae currently includes 16 genera mainly characterized by raphides, ebracteolate inflorescences, and 4-merous flowers with contorted corolla aestivation. Within this tribe, the circumscription of Deppea has been particularly controversial, as depending on the authors, several morphologically closely related genera are either treated as synonyms or accepted as such. This generic group, hereafter referred to as the Deppea complex, consists of up to 10 genera. Within Rubiaceae, seed morphology has proved to have taxonomic value for generic circumscriptions, however, it remained unexplored for Hamelieae and the Deppea complex.Material and methods – We present a detailed study of the seed morphology of 37 species representing 15 out of the 16 genera recognized within Hamelieae, including all putative genera of the Deppea complex. Using scanning electron and light microscopy, we investigate 16 quantitative and qualitative seed characters that could have taxonomic value.Key results – Our results show that the combination of some seed characters, such as shape and colour, dorsiventral compression, hilum position, and the periclinal microrelief, helps to distinguish some genera and most species, supporting or refuting the current taxonomic circumscription.Conclusion – We conclude that the seed morphology within Hamelieae has taxonomic value but should be combined with other characters to achieve unequivocal delineation of the genera.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Monophyly and transoceanic dispersal in the widespread floating club-rush clade, Isolepis subgenus Fluitantes (Cyperaceae) https://plecevo.eu/article/84466/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 41-50

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84466

Authors: Jan-Adriaan Viljoen, Terry Hedderson, Charlotte Sletten Bjorå, Muthama Muasya

Abstract: Background and aims – Numerous lineages in the Western Cape of South Africa show affinities with the floras of tropical Africa and Australasia. Isolepis subgenus Fluitantes, comprising seven to nine species, includes the broadly-defined I. fluitans, which occurs throughout Africa into Europe and Asia, as well as on both sides of the Indian Ocean. Thus, it is well suited for testing the generality of both the Cape-to-Cairo pattern of dispersal and transoceanic dispersal between southern Africa and Australasia.Material and methods – We inferred a dated population-level phylogeny based on new sequence data from the nuclear ITS and the chloroplast atpI–H gene regions. We constructed dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis models in Lagrange to infer ancestral areas and to compare the likelihoods of stepping-stone and long-distance modes of dispersal.Key results – The Fluitantes originated in the Cape about 7 million years ago (mya). They spread stepwise onto the mountains of East Africa and thence into Europe and the islands of the Indian Ocean, seemingly tracking their ancestral habitat. Australasia was colonised by a single long-distance dispersal event ca 3 mya. Incongruence between the plastid and nuclear gene trees was apparent for the Australasian taxa, I. crassiuscula, I. lenticularis, and I. producta, with their atpI–H sequences placing them with I. ludwigii in the Fluitantes and the ITS nrDNA resolving them in the Proliferae. Furthermore, two African taxa (I. graminoides, I. inyangensis) diagnosed on unique morphology are resolved as part of the widespread I. fluitans.Conclusion – This study supports and extends the northward migration model that accounts for the Cape element of the Afromontane flora. Australasia was colonised directly from southern Africa, perhaps assisted by wind or waterfowl. Despite ancient hybridization associated with dispersal, we recognise the three taxa in Australasia as distinct, but synonymise I. graminoides and I. inyangensis into the widespread I. fluitans.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Morphometric analysis provides evidence for two traditionally defined species of the Tillandsia erubescens complex (Bromeliaceae) https://plecevo.eu/article/84524/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 29-40

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84524

Authors: Ana L. Martínez-García, Claudia T. Hornung-Leoni, Irene Goyenechea Mayer Goyenechea, Julian Bueno-Villegas, Carolina Granados Mendoza

Abstract: Background and aims – A linear morphometric analysis of three taxa of the Tillandsia erubescens complex, composed of T. erubescens var. arroyoensis, T. erubescens var. erubescens, and T. erubescens var. patentibracteata, is presented to evaluate their circumscription. Additionally, their taxonomic rank as varieties or species is discussed considering the obtained results. Geographic distribution, the influence of climate, elevation, and geographic distance on morphological differences between the taxonomic entities is explored.Material and methods – Of a total of 110 herbarium specimens reviewed, 44 were measured. These were previously identified as T. erubescens var. arroyoensis, T. erubescens var. erubescens, or T. erubescens var. patentibracteata. Factor and cluster analyses were performed using 16 quantitative morphological characters. The resulting groups were considered as taxonomic entities supported by morphometric characters, and species distributions were plotted against Mexican biogeographic provinces. A single Mantel test was performed to evaluate the correlation between morphology and climatic variables, elevation, and geographic distance.Key results – The specimens referred to as T. erubescens var. arroyoensis were separated morphometrically from the other two varieties. The most important characters to differentiate T. erubescens var. arroyoensis from T. erubescens var. erubescens were total size, width and length of the leaf sheath and leaf blade, and the number of flowers. The non-overlapping geographical distribution of T. erubescens var. arroyoensis and T. erubescens var. erubescens supports their recognition as independent taxonomic entities. Our study did not support the separation between T. erubescens var. erubescens and T. erubescens var. patentibracteata, which is also reflected by their overlapping geographic distributions. Both precipitation and geographic distance were correlated with the morphological differences among the species.Conclusion – Our morphometric and geographical distribution study supports the recognition of T. arroyoensis and T. erubescens as different species, while no evidence was found to maintain T. erubescens var. erubescens and T. erubescens var. patentibracteata as different taxonomic entities. We provide a set of morphological characters that can be used to distinguish between T. arroyoensis and T. erubescens, including the leaf sheath and leaf blade width, and the number of flowers. Morphological characters agree with the geographic distribution of the studied taxa.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Reproductive biology and flower-visitor interactions of two bromeliad species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest https://plecevo.eu/article/84464/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 16-28

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84464

Authors: Matheus R. e Silva, Bruno C. Barbosa, Ana Paula G. de Faria

Abstract: Background and aims – The Bromeliaceae family has great importance in the maintenance of neotropical communities. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, bromeliads are among the major groups responsible for maintaining the local flora and fauna and participate in important ecological interactions with insects, anurans, and hummingbirds. This work reports on aspects of the reproductive biology and the interactions between two endemic bromeliad species from the Atlantic Forest (Aechmea bruggeri and Quesnelia indecora) and their floral visitors to assess the impact of these relationships on the reproductive success and conservation of these plants.Material and methods – Reproductive phenology, floral biology, pollination experiments, and the reproductive success of both species were investigated. To determine the floral visitors, we made direct observations on flowers and collected floral visitors that could not be identified in the field.Key results – Aechmea bruggeri and Quesnelia indecora presented the individual and population flowering phenological pattern classified as annual with intermediate duration. The species are partially and totally self-incompatible, respectively. Both species presented a varied visitation guild, and although Q. indecora presented flowers with ornitofilous characteristics, no hummingbirds were recorded for this species. The hummingbird Thalurania glaucopis was the main visitor for Aechmea bruggeri and the bee Trigona cf. braueri was the main visitor for Quesnelia indecora. Nectar thieving by lepidopterans was observed for both species. Pollen robbing by beetles and nectar robbing by bees were registered for Aechmea bruggeri and Quesnelia indecora, respectively. Fruit and seed set of both species were highly affected by herbivory, which may negatively affect their reproductive success.Conclusion – Our work highlights the important role of bromeliads in neotropical communities, showing how floral visitors and plants interact by participating in maintaining biological diversity in the studied forest remnant.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
How large-scale geographic factors affect the different dimensions of functional diversity: evidence from the beech forest herb layer (Apennines, Italy) https://plecevo.eu/article/84458/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(1): 3-15

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84458

Authors: Federico Tardella, Alessandro Bricca, Maurizio Cutini, Giampiero Ciaschetti, Annarita Frattaroli, Bruno Paura, Gianfranco Pirone, Nicola Postiglione, Andrea Scolastri, Tiziana Panichella, Arianna Ferrara, Andrea Catorci

Abstract: Background and aims – The research aim was to investigate the relation between large-scale geographic factors and the functional structure of the herbaceous layer of calcareous beech forests in the Apennines, managed as high forest.Material and methods – We selected 163 plots (20 × 20 m), ranging from Central to South Italy, using a random stratified sampling design. We correlated the effect sizes of traits’ community-weighted means, functional richness, evenness, divergence, dispersion, and Rao’s quadratic entropy, with the main axes of variation in species composition.Key results – The geographical range played a weak role in shaping the species composition of the herbaceous layer. However, we found evidence of functional convergence towards the northern sectors of the study area, where traits linked to resource retention strategies and vegetative spread are filtered. We did not find any evidence of convergence northwards for leaf phenology and pollination types.Conclusion – The increase of the intensity in the environmental stress was associated with a decrease of diversity for traits related to resource conservation strategies and vegetative propagation. On the contrary, the lower cold stress intensity southwards fostered a better niche partitioning, ensuring the coexistence of species with different modalities of resource acquisition and conservation.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 30 Mar 2022 16:30:00 +0300
Taxonomic description and pollination ecology of Cyrtorchis okuensis (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae), a new species endemic to the Cameroon Volcanic Line https://plecevo.eu/article/24710/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 483-496

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1823

Authors: Laura Azandi, Tariq Stévart, Bonaventure Sonké, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Tania D’haijère, Vincent Droissart

Abstract: Background and aims – A recent taxonomic and molecular study of the genus Cyrtorchis revealed three new species. Here, we describe one of these new species, endemic to the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), and compare it to its closest relatives. Its conservation status is provided along with detailed information on its ecology and reproductive biology.Material and methods – A detailed examination of 21 herbarium specimens was performed using standard practices of herbarium taxonomy. The conservation status of the new species was assessed using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Furthermore, we investigated the reproductive biology of the new species in an easily accessible subpopulation in Cameroon and tested the hypothesis of hawkmoth pollination in the genus Cyrtorchis. Key results – The newly discovered species, here named C. okuensis, is restricted to the montane forest (1600 to 2500 m elevation) of the CVL and is currently assessed as Near Threatened (NT). Among angraecoid orchids in which hawkmoth pollination is recorded (~16 species), C. okuensis has the shortest nectar spur (19–40 mm). In situ observations revealed hawkmoths with short proboscis of the genus Hippotion (H. celerio, H. eson, and H. osiris) as the main pollinators. The rate of pollination and fruiting under natural conditions was low and among the 448 surveyed flowers only 38.8% (174/448 flowers) had their pollinia removed, 19% produced fruits (87/448 flowers), and 16% (70/448 flowers) set mature fruits. Conclusion – Cyrtorchis okuensis is clearly differentiated from C. submontana by its longer and wider floral bracts, longer anther caps, and wider triangular dorsal sepal.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Eremitis clarkiae and E. vinacea (Poaceae, Bambusoideae): two new species of herbaceous bamboos endemic to the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil increase the diversity of the genus in this hotspot https://plecevo.eu/article/24708/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 470-482

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1818

Authors: Fabrício Ferreira, Cassiano Welker, Reyjane Oliveira

Abstract: Background and aims – We here describe two new species of Eremitis from Bahia, Brazil, and compare them with morphologically similar species. We also provide illustrations, photos, a distribution map, and notes on habitat and conservation status of the new species.Material and methods – This study was based on fieldwork, analysis of herbarium specimens, and literature review. Specimens collected were analyzed and photographed during fieldwork and observed in cultivation in a greenhouse. The conservation assessment is based on field observations and spatial analyses, following the IUCN guidelines and criteria.Results – Eremitis clarkiae sp. nov. occurs in southern Bahia and has been collected only twice, in the municipality of Floresta Azul. The new species is similar to E. jardimii and E. robusta, both also endemic to Bahia, but can be distinguished by several vegetative and reproductive structures longer than those observed in these species, such as leafy culms, ligules, decumbent culm inflorescences, and pedicels of the staminate spikelets of the staminate whorls. Eremitis vinacea sp. nov. was collected in three localities in southern Bahia, but only the type population was found during recent field trips, in the municipality of Camacã. It is similar to E. afimbriata, a species endemic to Espírito Santo state, being differentiated by its leaf sheaths with persistent fimbriae (vs absent), leaf blades with green adaxial surface (vs bluish green with a blue iridescence), and a single inflorescence on decumbent culms (vs multiple). Both new species are endemic to the Bahian Coastal Forests subregion and should be considered Critically Endangered (CR), according to the IUCN guidelines and criteria.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Phylogeny of the Neotropical element of the Randia clade (Gardenieae, Rubiaceae, Gentianales) https://plecevo.eu/article/24707/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 458-469

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1889

Authors: Rodrigo Borges, Sylvain Razafimandimbison, Nádia Roque, Catarina Rydin

Abstract: Background and aims – Generic limits of the tropical tribe Gardenieae (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) have partly remained unsettled. We produced a new phylogeny of the Randia clade, with emphasis on its Neotropical clade comprising five genera (Casasia, Randia, Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus, and Tocoyena). The result was subsequently used to evaluate and discuss: a) the respective monophyly of the above-mentioned genera and their interrelationships; b) relationships within Tocoyena and the evolutionary relevance of its subgeneric classification; and c) the monophyly of the morphologically variable T. formosa.Material and methods – We examined the phylogeny of the Randia clade based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of sequence data from two nuclear (ETS and Xdh) and two plastid (petB-petD and trnT-F) DNA regions from 59 individuals (including seven representatives from the remaining Ixoroideae).Key results – The Neotropical clade of the Randia clade comprises three major lineages, the Randia armata subclade, the Randia-Casasia subclade and the Rosenbergiodendron subclade. Neither Casasia nor Randia is monophyletic. Tocoyena is sister to Rosenbergiodendron + Sphinctanthus and is subdivided into three lineages: the Tocoyena pittieri group, the Tocoyena guianensis group, and the core Tocoyena. Tocoyena williamsii is paraphyletic with respect to T. pittieri. Tocoyena formosa is polyphyletic and should be re-circumscribed.Conclusions – Our results demonstrate the monophyly of each of the relatively species-poor genera Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus, and Tocoyena, and confirm their close affinity. The serial classification of Tocoyena does not reflect the evolutionary history of the genus. The paraphyly of T. williamsii with respect to T. pittieri, together with their morphological similarities and geographic distributions, support the inclusion of the former in the latter. Our study calls for additional phylogenetic work on Casasia and the more species-rich genus Randia. While the respective monophyly of both genera is rejected here, future work with a broader representation of Randia is needed.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Flower morphological differentiation and plant-pollinator interactions among sympatric Aframomum species (Zingiberaceae) with floral trumpet type in the tropical African rainforest https://plecevo.eu/article/24706/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 447-457

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1860

Authors: Elie Nzigou Doubindou, Alexandra Ley

Abstract: Background and aims – Diversification in plant-pollinator interactions based on floral diversity is potentially a mechanism of coexistence in angiosperms. However, besides high floral diversity, some genera seemingly exhibit the same floral type in many of their species. This contradicts some expectations of competitive exclusion. We thus tested on a finer flower morphological scale whether five sympatric Aframomum species (61 spp., Zingiberaceae) in southeastern Gabon exhibiting the same general floral type (trumpet) were differentiated, and whether this resulted in different “pollinator niches”.Material and methods – We carried out a detailed survey measuring 18 flower morphological parameters as well as nectar volume (μl) and sugar concentration (% Brix) on five flowers per species and locality. Furthermore, we observed inflorescence phenology and pollinator activity from 8 am to 4 pm for 12 to 50 hours per species and conducted pollinator exclusion experiments.Key results – This study proves fine-scale flower morphological and resource differentiation within the trumpet floral type. Pollination-relevant parts of the flowers, however, remain constant across species. Our pollinator observations reveal the same broad bee pollinator spectrum for all observed simultaneously flowering sympatric species.Conclusion – As we could not detect a pollinator-based differentiation in the studied sympatric Aframomum species we assume that species boundaries developed randomly by genetic drift during geographic isolation in the past. The trumpet floral type and its pollinator guild, however, were maintained due to similar selection pressures in comparable habitats during isolation and are potentially an advantage for increased pollinator attraction through co-flowering.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Is chiropterophily an evolutionary dead end? A phylogenetic test in the pantropical genus Parkia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade) https://plecevo.eu/article/24705/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 432-446

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1845

Authors: Lorena Oliveira, Doriane Rodrigues, Helen Hopkins, Guthieri Colombo, Michael John Hopkins

Abstract: Background and aims – Pollination systems often reflect adaptations to specific groups of pollinators, and these morphological specialisations have been important in the diversification of the angiosperms. Here, we study the evolution of the capitulum and pollination system in the pantropical genus Parkia, which comprises 35 species of trees distributed largely in the forests of South and Central America, Africa, Madagascar, and the Indo-Pacific. The flowers are grouped into capitula that are composed of one, two, or three distinct morphological types, and are principally pollinated either by insects or by bats. Material and methods – Using BEAST, we estimated the ages of nodes in a phylogeny based on four chloroplast regions (matK, trnL, psbA-trnH, and rps16-trnQ) and the nuclear region ITS/18S/26S. This analysis also enabled us to reconstruct the ancestral state of the capitulum and hence infer the ancestral pollination system. Euclidean distance-based cluster analysis was performed to determine which characters are consistently related to a specific pollination system.Key results – Our results indicate that the ancestral capitulum in the genus had three types of flowers and a morphology associated with bat-pollination in both the Paleotropics and Neotropics. In one derived Neotropical clade, the number of floral types in each capitulum was reduced to two (capitulum also bat-pollinated) or one (insect-pollinated). Thus, entomophily, as seen in some Neotropical species of Parkia, has been derived from a bat-pollinated ancestor. Cluster analysis showed that the floral characters were mostly consistent with pollination systems.Conclusion – Chiropterophily is not an evolutionary dead end in Parkia because during the evolutionary history of the genus there has been at least one transition to entomophily. Parkia provides a unique example of evolutionary transitions from chiropterophily to entomophily in a pantropical genus of trees.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Moss phyllid morphology varies systematically with substrate slope https://plecevo.eu/article/24703/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 419-431

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1839

Authors: Caleb Turberville, Jesualdo Fuentes-González, Sydney Rogers, Jason Pienaar

Abstract: Background and aims – Tracheophyte leaf morphology is well studied but it is unclear if the findings generalize to poikilohydric plants. We tested combinations of hypotheses to determine if microhabitat characteristics, including light exposure, moisture availability, and substrate slope, controlled for morphological differences between upright and prostrate growth forms, affect phyllid surface area and costa length of mosses.Material and methods – We quantified mean phyllid surface-area and costa lengths for four replicates of 38 moss species from Alabama. Phylogenetic comparative methods that model adaptation were used to evaluate the relative evidence for each hypothesis using information criteria. To further explore mechanistic explanations involving substrate slope, we tested whether mosses on vertical substrates differed from those on horizontal substrates in the average amount of water-retaining, nutrient-rich litter they accumulated.Key results – Substrate slope and growth form combined were the best predictors of phyllid surface area. Mosses growing on vertical substrates exhibited smaller phyllid surface area for both growth forms. Although growth form and phyllid length best explained costa length variation, a more complex model including substrate slope performed nearly as well. Within the prostrate growth forms, species growing on vertical substrates exhibit longer relative costa than those on horizontal substrates. We also estimated rapid rates of adaptation for both traits.Conclusion – The smaller phyllid surface area of both upright and prostrate growth forms is possibly an adaptive response to reduced habitat moisture-retention or nutrient quality that vertical substrates offer. The longer costa lengths of prostrate mosses growing on vertical surfaces relative to prostrate mosses on horizontal surfaces, possibly make up for the decreased ability of smaller phyllids to rapidly reabsorb water when it is available. Further work is required to determine if it is truly substrate slope itself that matters or other variables associated with the differences in slope, and to determine how general this phenomenon is.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Checklist of the native tree flora of Algeria: diversity, distribution, and conservation https://plecevo.eu/article/24702/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 405-418

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1868

Authors: Rachid Meddour, Ouahiba Sahar, Frédéric Médail

Abstract: Background and aims – Trees represent an important component of many ecosystems of the world. The knowledge of their diversity and geographic distribution is of great theoretical and practical importance. This paper aims to provide the first comprehensive checklist of native tree taxa in Algeria. Material and methods – The checklist was based on the analysis of published data and has been improved with own field observations. Statistical analysis has been performed on the taxonomic richness, life forms, and chorological spectra in terms of diversity, endemism, habitats, and distribution of the tree flora in Algeria. The conservation status following IUCN and the protection status at national level have been presented.Key results – The checklist comprises 120 native tree taxa currently known in Algeria, including 106 species, one hybrid species, and 13 subspecies, belonging to 63 genera and 35 families. The four most species-rich families are Rosaceae (13 spp.), Fabaceae (12 spp.), Salicaceae (9 spp.), and Tamaricaceae (9 spp.). The richest genus is Tamarix (9 spp.), followed by Quercus (7 taxa in 6 spp.). We found that trees are more often single-stemmed (45%), and are small or medium-sized. Mediterranean element is dominant (46%), followed by Saharo-arabic (17%), wide distribution element (15%), and European elements (12%). Furthermore, 11% of all tree taxa are endemics or subendemics. The highest number of taxa (71%) is found in the Tellian area, whereas the lowest number (36%) occurs in the Saharan area. Only nine taxa are considered to be threatened or near threatened, while 36 taxa are yet not assessed. This analysis highlights 33 taxa with patrimonial value, both endemics and range-restricted. Out of these taxa, only 18 are protected by national legislation. Conclusion – This work shows that a relatively rich tree flora is found in Algeria. It aims to be used as a tool for managing tree species diversity. Some of the tree taxa need appropriate measures for their in situ conservation, a challenging but worth pursuing target.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Conservation status revision and communities’ perceptions of 22 Aloe species in Tanzania https://plecevo.eu/article/24700/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 391-404

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1838

Authors: Siri Abihudi, Hugo de Boer, Anna Treydte

Abstract: Background and aims – Many Aloe species are globally threatened due to overharvesting for trade and habitat destruction. CITES regulates their international trade. In Tanzania, 50% of all existing Aloe species had previously been assessed, though some of these assessments were Data Deficient. For those with sufficient data, an update is required as the rate of decline has rapidly increased over the last years. Material and methods – We estimated Area of Occupancy (AOO), Extent of Occurrence (EOO), and number of locations for 22 Tanzanian Aloe species using the Geospatial Conservation Assessment software (GeoCAT). We assessed the reasons leading to their decline based on direct field observations and community perceptions. Key results – We revised the conservation status of 22 Aloe species; two were assessed as Critically Endangered, ten as Endangered, five as Vulnerable, and five as Least Concern. We re-discovered the Critically Endangered Aloe boscawenii, which had not been seen in Tanzania for more than six decades. We propose to downgrade the endemic Aloe dorotheae, Aloe leptosiphon, and Aloe flexilifolia from Critically Endangered to a lower threat level. The community perception on Aloe species availability did not accurately reflect their categorisation based on the IUCN criteria B. We identified agricultural activities and climate change effects as the two main threats to Tanzanian Aloe species.Conclusion – We conclude that overall numbers are declining for 22 Aloe species in Tanzania, mainly due to human activities. We recommend the implementation of laws and policies to protect their natural habitats.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
The structure of Leguminosae-Detarioideae dominant rain forest in Korup National Park, Cameroon https://plecevo.eu/article/24696/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 376-390

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1879

Authors: Xander van der burgt, David Newbery, Sylvanos Njibili

Abstract: Background and aims – We studied a cluster of trees in the Leguminosae subfamily Detarioideae, to: (1) determine the size, structure, and tree species composition of this cluster; (2) map the size, shape, and structure of groups of individual Detarioideae tree species in the cluster.Location – Lowland rain forest in southern Korup National Park, in the Southwest Region of Cameroon.Material and methods – Trees in permanent plots were recorded using standard plot enumeration techniques. Outside plots, single-species tree groups were recorded by a rapid technique. From this data, detailed maps of groups of trees were prepared.Key results – Detarioideae tree species occur co-dominant in a cluster of at least 32 km2 with an irregular shape. The cluster contained at least 42 Detarioideae tree species; at least 29 of these occurred in groups ranging in size from 50 to 4000 m across, depending on the species. Groups usually had circular shapes, caused by ballistic seed dispersal. In a group, trees were always mixed with trees of several other Detarioideae species. Every area within the cluster contained a specific set of Detarioideae species. The percentage of Detarioideae trees ≥ 60 cm stem diameter on 50 ha was up to 76% in Detarioideae-rich forest, to 6% in Detarioideae-poor forest. Of all trees in the centre of the cluster, 2.8% belonged to pioneer forest species, which indicates that disturbance levels were low during the past generations of trees.Discussion – The forests in the Detarioideae cluster have not been subject to substantial human and natural impacts in historic or prehistoric times. Such forests are exceptional in Africa. Detarioideae clusters may indicate glacial age forest refuges, especially clusters that contain both many different Detarioideae species and some Detarioideae species endemic to the cluster.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Spatial distribution patterns of Afzelia africana (Fabaceae – Detarioideae) in a tropical savanna of Benin: implications for management https://plecevo.eu/article/24695/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 362-375

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1713

Authors: Justin Atanasso, Kolawolé Valère Salako, Sylvanus Mensah, Roméo Tohoun, Bruno DJOSSA, Romain Glèlè Kakaï, Achille Assogbadjo

Abstract: Background and aims – Understanding the spatial patterns and associations of tree species with their conspecific and heterospecific neighbours is critical for sustainable management of their stands. This study assessed the intra- and interspecific spatial structure of six life stages in Afzelia africana, a keystone multipurpose and endangered tree species in a tropical savanna of Benin.Material and methods – Three plots of 4 ha each were demarcated on three sites along a conservation gradient (hunting zone – core conservation zone). Individuals of A. africana (irrespective of their diameter at breast height) and heterospecific trees (dbh ≥ 5 cm) were mapped. Tree spatial patterns and associations were determined using univariate and bivariate pair correlation functions. The distance to the nearest neighbour was further used to assess tree-to-tree distance.Key results – We found variable spatial patterns across sites. In the core zone where wildlife density is high, most life stages had a random distribution. In contrast, in the hunting zone where wildlife density is low, the species spatial distribution changed from a predominantly aggregative pattern during early stages to a less aggregative or random spatial pattern for very large adults. Most pairs of life stages showed neutral associations, except for small and large adults, which had positive association between themselves on two sites. We also found that A. africana tree spatial distribution was unrelated to heterospecific trees.Conclusion – We suggest that bush fire, seed dispersion, predation, and local environment would have contributed to the observed patterns.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Unusual massive phytoplankton bloom in the oligotrophic Lake Tanganyika https://plecevo.eu/article/24694/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 351-361

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1890

Authors: Christine Cocquyt, Pierre-Denis Plisnier, N'sibula Mulimbwa, Muderhwa Nshombo

Abstract: Background and aims – Massive algae growth resulting in a phytoplankton bloom is a very rare event in the meromictic and oligotrophic Lake Tanganyika. Such a bloom was observed in the north of the lake in September 2018. Phytoplankton species composition during this bloom is compared to a documented bloom in 1955, and to the composition in September 2011–2013. Meteorological observations suggest hydrodynamics could explain the occurrence of the 2018 bloom.Material and methods – Phytoplankton net samples were taken in the pelagic and littoral zone near Uvira during five consecutive days of the bloom in 2018. For the period 2011–2013, quantitative phytoplankton samples were obtained during a weekly sampling at the same sites. Samples were analysed with an inverted microscope and relative abundances of the algal species were compared. Key results – Dolichospermum flosaquae (Cyanobacteria) initially dominated the bloom followed by high relative abundance of Limnococcus limneticus (Cyanobacteria) on the third sampling day in September 2018. In the pelagic zone an increase of Nitzschia asterionelloides (Bacillariophyta), and Dictyosphaerium and Lobocystis (Chlorophyta) was observed while in the littoral zone increasing abundances of dinophytes were noted. Dolichospermum flosaquae was also responsible for the bloom reported in 1955, but was only sporadically observed in the 2011–2013 samples. Although Limnococcus limneticus was present in 2011–2013, it never reached relative abundances as high as during the 2018 bloom. Meteorological data indicate that 2018 experienced different conditions compared to previous years: strong south-east winds from May to September with a more eastern direction of the wind, and a well-marked drop in atmospheric pressure between August and September.Conclusion – After a very windy season, the combination of strong hydrodynamics, calmer lake conditions, and high solar radiation and air temperature in September 2018 was favourable for a massive Cyanobacteria bloom in the north of Lake Tanganyika.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Bees increase seed set of wild plants while the proportion of arable land has a variable effect on pollination in European agricultural landscapes https://plecevo.eu/article/24693/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 341-350

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1884

Authors: Lina Herbertsson, Johan Ekroos, Matthias Albrecht, Ignasi Bartomeus, Péter Batáry, Riccardo Bommarco, Paul Caplat, Tim Diekötter, Jenny Eikestam, Martin H. Entling, Sunniva Farbu, Nina Farwig, Juan Gonzalez-Varo, Annika Hass, Andrea Holzschuh, Sebastian Hopfenmüller, Anna Jakobsson, Birgit Jauker, Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki, Wera Kleve, William E. Kunin, Sandra Lindström, Sarah Mullen, Erik Öckinger, Theodora Petanidou, Simon G. Potts, Eileen Power, Maj Rundlof, Kathrin Seibel, Virve Sõber, Annika Söderman, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Jane C. Stout, Tiit Teder, Teja Tscharntke, Henrik Smith

Abstract: Background and aims – Agricultural intensification and loss of farmland heterogeneity have contributed to population declines of wild bees and other pollinators, which may have caused subsequent declines in insect-pollinated wild plants. Material and methods – Using data from 37 studies on 22 pollinator-dependent wild plant species across Europe, we investigated whether flower visitation and seed set of insect-pollinated plants decline with an increasing proportion of arable land within 1 km. Key results – Seed set increased with increasing flower visitation by bees, most of which were wild bees, but not with increasing flower visitation by other insects. Increasing proportion of arable land had a strongly variable effect on seed set and flower visitation by bees across studies. Conclusion – Factors such as landscape configuration, local habitat quality, and temporally changing resource availability (e.g. due to mass-flowering crops or honey bee hives) could have modified the effect of arable land on pollination. While our results highlight that the persistence of wild bees is crucial to maintain plant diversity, we also show that pollen limitation due to declining bee populations in homogenized agricultural landscapes is not a universal driver causing parallel losses of bees and insect-pollinated plants.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Assessing the germinability of coastal Limonium minutum (Plumbaginaceae) under different temperature and salinity conditions: implications for its conservation https://plecevo.eu/article/24692/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 332-340

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1899

Authors: Carles Cardona, Iván Cortés, Pere Mir, Lorenzo Gil

Abstract: Background and aims – Limonium minutum is an endemic plant of the eastern Balearic Islands (Majorca and Minorca), where it grows in coastal rocky habitats. The effects of temperature and salinity on seed germination of Limonium minutum were evaluated in order to set a protocol for recovery of this species in this habitat.Material and methods – Experiments to determine the effect of temperature have been carried out at temperature conditions between 10 and 23°C. Tests to determine the effect of salinity have been evaluated at 18°C with concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM of MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, and Na2SO4.Key results – Maximum germination took place between 16 and 20°C. Based on the salinity tests, the highest germination values were obtained with distilled water. The use of saline solutions resulted in significant decreases in the germination percentage. However, in almost all treatments, seed germination was observed. The T50 increased at low temperatures and with increasing salt concentration.Conclusion – Limonium minutum has a wide germination temperature range and a high resistance to salinity. After being exposed to different saline solutions, once washed with distilled water, the seeds recover their full germination capacity; therefore, the effect of salts is an osmotic and non-toxic effect for this species. Sowing seeds in late August ensures that the species has an optimal chance to survive in coastal habitats.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
30-year cone production dynamics in Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica) in the southern boreal zone: a causal interpretation https://plecevo.eu/article/24691/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(3): 321-331

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1793

Authors: Sergey Goroshkevich, Svetlana Velisevich, Aleksandr Popov, Oleg Khutornoy, Galina Vasilyeva

Abstract: Background and aims – Siberian stone pine is a keystone species for Siberia, and numerous studies have analyzed Siberian stone pine seeding dynamics in connection with the dynamics of weather conditions. However, all studies were based on observations before 1990. The aim of the study was to expand our knowledge about the balance of weather and climatic factors in the regulation of cone production to enable conclusions about the current reproductive function in Siberian stone pine.Material and methods – We monitored Siberian stone pine cone production in the southeastern region of the Western Siberian Plain, in association with climatic factors, over a period of 30 years. To analyze the relationship with weather conditions, we used the trait mature cone number per tree and weather data obtained from the weather station in Tomsk.Key results – During this period, cone production decreased by about one-third, mainly caused by the complete absence of high yields. The main factor negatively affecting cone production was late spring frost: severe frost occurring with a large accumulated sum of effective temperatures resulted in full cone loss, and light frost substantially reduced cone number. A less important but significant climatic factor was September temperature: as the temperature increased, the cone number decreased in the following year. Over the last 30 years, the sum of the effective temperatures at which the last spring frost occurs, as well as the average September temperature, increased considerably, resulting in reduced cone production.Conclusion – If the current climatic trend is maintained, and especially if it is strengthened, Siberian stone pine cone production in the southern boreal forest zone on the Western Siberian Plane is unlikely to provide for the effective renewal of the species.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Further new species and records from the coastal dry forests and woodlands of the Rovuma Centre of Endemism – Erratum https://plecevo.eu/article/24644/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 316-316

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1878

Authors: Iain Darbyshire, David J. Goyder, John R.I. Wood, Aurélio Banze, John E. Burrows

Abstract:

HTML

PDF

]]>
Erratum Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Orophea sichaikhanii (Annonaceae), a new species from southern Thailand, with a key to the species of Orophea in Thailand and notes on some species https://plecevo.eu/article/24643/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 307-315

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1780

Authors: Anissara Damthongdee, Kithisak Aongyong, Tanawat Chaowasku

Abstract: Background and aims – Recent botanical expeditions in Ranong Province, southern Thailand yielded unidentifiable collections of Orophea subgenus Sphaerocarpon (Annonaceae). To elucidate the taxonomic status of these collections, detailed morphological examinations and comparisons with morphologically similar species are made.Material and methods – This study followed standard practices of herbarium taxonomy. Specimens of Orophea spp. in BKF, CMUB, L, and QBG herbaria were studied. Digitised type specimens deposited in BM, E, G, K, and L herbaria were accessed. A stereo microscope was used for morphological observations and measurements. Key results – A new species Orophea sichaikhanii is described and illustrated. The Peninsular Malaysian O. hastata and O. kingiana are the species most similar to the new species. Orophea sichaikhanii is different from O. hastata in several traits: indumentum on ovaries and young twigs; length of pedicels, inner petals, and inner petal claw; and inner petal colour and tip. The new species differs from O. kingiana by having dissimilar colour and tip of inner petals; lower number of stamens and carpels per flower; and glabrous ovaries. Additionally, a key to the species of Orophea in Thailand and notes on certain species are provided.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Anemopaegma kawense (Bignoniaceae), a new species from the Kaw Mountain (French Guiana), with notes on related species and a key to the genus in the Guianas https://plecevo.eu/article/24642/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 296-306

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1775

Authors: Olivier Lachenaud, Fabiana Firetti, Lúcia G. Lohmann

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Anemopaegma (Bignoniaceae) includes around 47 species and has its centre of diversity in Brazil. Here, we describe and illustrate a new species from French Guiana, Anemopaegma kawense, and compare it to the two most similar species, A. foetidum and A. granvillei. We further assess the conservation status of all three species.Material and methods – Morphological descriptions are based on herbarium specimens deposited at BM, BR, CAY, INPA, K, MO, P, SPF, and U, and, in the case of the newly described species, also on field observations. The conservation status assessments follow the IUCN Red List criteria.Key results – Anemopaegma kawense differs from both A. foetidum and A. granvillei by its densely villose twigs, longitudinally plicate leaflets with secondary veins not or hardly prominent below, and tertiary veins impressed below. It is further separated from A. foetidum by the leaflets that are villose below and the calyx that is entirely pubescent outside. On the other hand, A. kawense differs from A. granvillei by the densely lepidote outer surface of the corolla, shorter petiolules, leaflets with midrib impressed above, shorter bracts and bracteoles, inflorescence peduncle exceeding the rachis, and pedicels densely puberulous, not lepidote or only sparsely so at the apex. This species is endemic to the Kaw Mountain in north-eastern French Guiana, where it grows in low stunted forest on laterite; it is assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN criteria. New descriptions are provided for A. granvillei, which is newly reported from Suriname, and for A. foetidum, which is newly reported from French Guiana; these two species are assessed as Endangered and Least Concern, respectively. Lectotypes are designated for A. maguirei, which is here synonymised with A. foetidum, and for A. umbellatum, another synonym of that species. A key to the 12 species of Anemopaegma occurring in the Guianas is presented.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Synoptic revision of Kolobopetalum and Rhigiocarya (Menispermaceae) with the description of a new Kolobopetalum species from Gabon, and a new specific combination in Rhigiocarya from West Africa https://plecevo.eu/article/24641/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 281-295

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1798

Authors: Frans J. Breteler

Abstract: Background and aims – In the framework of the Menispermaceae treatment for the Flore du Gabon, the closely related genera Kolobopetalum and Rhigiocarya are synoptically revised.Material and methods – Standard practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied to study the relevant herbarium material from B, BM, BR, BRLU, HBG, K, L, P, U, and WAG. The relevant collecting data are stored in the Botany Section of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.Key results – The distinction between the genera Kolobopetalum and Rhigiocarya is further investigated and improved. As a result, Kolobopetalum leonense is transferred to Rhigiocarya. The Gabonese collections of Kolobopetalum contained a new species named K. synsepalum, which is described and illustrated. Rhigiocarya nervosa is resurrected as a distinct species. The distribution of all species is mapped. Illustrations are provided to facilitate the use of the key for the two genera and their species.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Five new species of Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae) from Katanga, D.R. Congo https://plecevo.eu/article/24640/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 264-280

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1824

Authors: Eberhard Fischer, Iain Darbyshire

Abstract: Background and aims – Five new species of Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae) are described from D.R. Congo in connection with preparing the family treatment for the Flore d’Afrique centrale.Methods – Standard herbarium practices were applied.Key results – Streptocarpus malachiticola sp. nov. is related to S. compressus and S. goetzei while S. bampsii sp. nov., S. malaissei sp. nov., S. salesianorum sp. nov., and S. schaijesii sp. nov. are related to S. michelmorei and S. solenanthus. The differences with these species are discussed and distribution maps for the new taxa are presented. An identification key for all known acaulescent species from D.R. Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi is provided. The conservation status of new species is preliminarily assessed. All taxa are range-restricted in Upper Katanga and the assessments are as follows: S. malachiticola: EN B1+2ab(iii), S. bampsii: CR B2ab(iii), S. malaissei: EN B1+2ab(iii), S. salesianorum: CR B2ab(iii), and S. schaijesii: EN B2ab(iii). Streptocarpus malachiticola is found on metalliferous rocks while the remaining species are either epiphytes in gallery forests (S. bampsii) or occur on humid rocks in gallery forests.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Analysis of the type material of Gomphosphenia tackei (Bacillariophyceae) and comparison to epizoic diatom populations on freshwater snails https://plecevo.eu/article/24638/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 257-263

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1750

Authors: Mateusz Rybak, Łukasz Peszek, Anita Poradowska

Abstract: Background and aims – Hustedt (1942) originally described Gomphosphenia tackei from Germany under the name Gomphonema tackei. Because of the small cell size and the lack of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images from the type material, it is often confused with other species from this genus, especially with G. stoermeri. The aim of this paper was to present detailed morphological characteristics of G. tackei based on the analysis of the type material and of several epizoic populations from Central Europe. Material and methods – The material in this study was collected from the shells of the freshwater snails Lymnaea stagnalis, Planorbarius corneus, and Planorbis planorbis. Additionally, for an unambiguous species identification, the type material for Gomphosphenia tackei was analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopes.Key results – The presence of Gomphosphenia tackei was confirmed in the studied material. The largest population (up to 19%) was recorded on the shell surfaces of living snails, whereas on empty shells, the diatom did not seem to be present or only in very low numbers. Valves are typically clavate with rounded apices. Valves are frequently observed in girdle view, often joint together in pairs. The valves in the studied populations had a valve length of 7–29 µm, a valve width of 3–4 µm, and a stria density of 25–29 striae in 10 µm. In the type population, valve length ranged from 7.5 to 27 µm with a valve width of 3.0–4.0 µm and a stria density of 23–29 striae per 10 µm. Striae were composed of 2–4 elongated to rounded areolae per stria. At the apices, the striae were composed of one single areola. The cells were attached to the substratum by their footpole.Conclusion – Published illustrations of Gomphosphenia tackei do not always correctly represent this species. Individual cells are attached to the substratum by secreted mucilage, probably via their areolae or girdle band pores located on the footpole.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Epiphytic diatoms on herbarium material from the Central Forest phytogeographic region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo https://plecevo.eu/article/24637/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 245-256

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1763

Authors: Alain Okito, René Oleko, Zoë Madder, Christine Cocquyt

Abstract: Background and aims – Epiphytic diatoms are excellent bio-indicators of the present and past ecological condition of aquatic ecosystems. In order to reconstruct the diatom history and to evaluate its diversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, epiphytic diatoms were sampled from herbarium specimens of aquatic plants deposited at the National Herbarium of the Congo at Yangambi (YBI) and at the herbarium of Meise Botanic Garden (BR).Material and methods – In YBI, nine specimens belonging to the Nymphaeaceae, three to the Ceratophyllaceae, and 12 to the Lentibulariaceae collected in the Central Forest phytogeographic region were sampled for diatom investigation. In addition, nine Nymphaea lotus specimens were sampled in BR. Semi-quantitative analyses were performed by light microscopy on permanent diatom slides.Key results – Analyses of the epiphytic diatom communities on YBI and BR materials showed a large diversity of 132 species belonging to 44 genera. Taxa belonging to the genus Eunotia were relatively the most abundant in all studied samples followed by Frustulia saxonica and a Desmogonium sp. The diatom communities on Nymphaea were as varied as on Ceratophyllum, while on Utricularia, a significant lower diversity was observed. The Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Generic Diatom Index (GDI) showed that the water quality in the Central Forest phytogeographic region was overall good during the 20th century. They point to oligotrophic conditions for the running waters with a slight increase towards more mesotrophic conditions from the 1950s onwards. The only sample in the present study indicating mesotrophic condition was from a swamp.Conclusions – The results on the epiphytic diatoms present on herbarium material can serve as a basis for sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems in D.R. Congo. In absence of an in-depth knowledge of the species and their ecological preferences, a genus-based TDI and IDG have proven to be valuable tools for water quality monitoring in tropical Africa.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Identity of the subalpine–subarctic corticioid fungus Megalocystidium leucoxanthum (Russulales, Basidiomycota) and six related species https://plecevo.eu/article/24636/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 231-244

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1857

Authors: Viacheslav Spirin, Sergey Volobuev, Vera Malysheva, Otto Miettinen, Heikki Kotiranta, Karl-Henrik Larsson

Abstract: Background and aims – To date, Megalocystidium leucoxanthum, a corticioid fungus originally described from the Italian Alps, was considered as a widely distributed species inhabiting numerous angiosperm hosts in the northern hemisphere. Its specimens collected in different geographic areas and from various host species revealed a high morphological variability and thus obfuscated differences from the closely related M. luridum. The objective of this study was to re-establish M. leucoxanthum based on newly collected and sequenced specimens and clarify the identity of morphologically deviating collections previously ascribed to this species.Material and methods – In total, 87 specimens of Megalocystidium spp. (including two historical types) were studied by morphological methods. Their phylogenetic relations were investigated based on DNA sequences (nrITS, nrLSU, and tef1) of 29 specimens.Key results – Based on morphological, ecological and DNA data, we showed M. leucoxanthum sensu typi is a rare species restricted to Alnus alnobetula in subalpine and subarctic zones. Consequently, records from other hosts (mostly representatives of Salicaceae) belong to three other species, M. olens, M. perticatum, and M. salicis, described as new to science. The fourth newly introduced species, M. pellitum, occurs on the same host tree as M. leucoxanthum but it can be separated from the latter due to distinctive morphological traits and DNA sequences. Additionally, Aleurodiscus diffissus is combined in Megalocystidium and the identity of M. luridum is clarified.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Population expansion and genetic structure in Cephalocereus nizandensis (Cactaceae), a microendemic cactus of rocky outcrops of the Tehuantepec basin, Mexico https://plecevo.eu/article/24635/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 217-230

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1773

Authors: Aldo Juárez-Miranda, Amelia Cornejo-Romero, Carlos Fabián Vargas-Mendoza

Abstract: Background and aims – Cephalocereus nizandensis is a microendemic columnar cactus that grows isolated in xerophytic enclaves associated with rocky outcrops in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the south of Mexico. Its demographic history and genetic structure were assessed to determine the main events that shaped its current restricted distribution.Material and methods – Chloroplast intergenic sequences of 40 individuals and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) of 45 individuals from four isolated populations were used to estimate haplotypic and nucleotide diversity, using expected heterozygosity and the Shannon index. AMOVA, population pair-wise FST, and Bayesian clustering analyses were performed to explore the genetic structure. Demographic history was estimated with neutrality tests, mismatch distribution analysis, and Bayesian skyline plots. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times were determined using a median joining network and a Bayesian molecular clock.Key results – C. nizandensis has a high diversity and moderate genetic differentiation. The lowest elevation locality was found to be the most genetically distinct. The species has undergone a process of population expansion that began 150,000 years ago and has remained without evidence of a population contraction in the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene (11,700 years ago).Conclusions – C. nizandensis presents moderate but significant genetic differentiation, which may be due to an early divergence of its populations. Currently observed levels of genetic diversity are the result of historical maintenance of high population sizes and a population expansion approximately in the last 150,000 years, which was sustained independently of the climatic fluctuations of the Early Quaternary, due in part to the stability of the rocky habitat.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Nocturnal and diurnal pollination in Copaifera coriacea, a dominant species in sand dunes of the Middle São Francisco River Basin, Northeastern Brazil https://plecevo.eu/article/24632/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 207-216

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1715

Authors: Isys Mascarenhas Souza, Frederic Mendes Hughes, Ligia Silveira Funch, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz

Abstract: Background and aims – Copaifera coriacea, a species in the resin-producing clade Detarioideae (Leguminosae), is an endemic and abundant species found in sand dunes in Brazilian Caatinga domain vegetation – a Quaternary paleodesert. We investigated floral traits and aspects of pollination biology, focusing on the pollination system of C. coriacea. Material and methods – Anthesis duration, stigma receptivity, pollen viability, nectar concentration, and the presence of osmophores and pigments reflecting UV light were assessed. Floral visitors were classified as potential pollinators, occasional pollinators or thieves, based on the time and foraging behaviour and resource collected. Pollination effectiveness were assessed for potential pollinators by the detection of pollen tubes on the stigma or stylar canal by epifluorescence microscopy.Key results – The species has white and small flowers, with anthesis beginning in the dark (ca 00:30) and the flowers are completely opened approximately 3 h later, when a sweet odour is perceptible. The onset of stigma receptivity and pollen grain viability occurs only after the completion of flower opening, and a concentrated nectar is available during the day. The presence of pollen tubes confirmed the efficiency of the main insects in the transfer of pollen. Conclusion – Our result demonstrates that C. coriacea has a generalist pollination system mediated mainly by two distinct guilds of insect pollinators: moths (nocturnal, searching for nectar) and bees (diurnal, pollen collectors). This finding can provide more information about diversification in the genus Copaifera.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Effect of pollinator size on seed set in Lamium album var. barbatum https://plecevo.eu/article/24631/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 201-206

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1642

Authors: Mitsuru Hattori, Yoko Tamada, Takao Itino

Abstract: Background and aims – Previous researchers have demonstrated that geographic variation in pollinator community composition can generate diversity in the floral traits of animal-pollinated plants. Our study focused on the bumblebee-pollinated white dead-nettle Lamium album var. barbatum. Geographic variation in corolla length of this species is known to be correlated with regional pollinator size. The aim of this study is to clarify whether size-matching between flower and pollinator affects seed set in L. album.Material and methods – In the present study, we investigated two L. album populations on Mount Norikura, central Japan. We determined the pollinator community composition and corolla length during the flowering period of L. album and recorded seed set after a single visit by different pollinator categories.Key results – We observed that the main pollinators of L. album were bumblebee queens and workers. Bumblebee queens visited flowers more frequently than workers during peak flowering. Furthermore, size-matching between flowers and bumblebee queens, but not workers, strongly promoted seed set. These results suggest that L. album flower size is adapted to bumblebee queens, the main pollinator during peak flowering season in our study sites.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
The phytogeography of moist forests across Eastern Zimbabwe https://plecevo.eu/article/24630/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 192-200

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1814

Authors: Jonathan R. Timberlake, Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Tom Müller

Abstract: Background and aims – During the 1970s, a comprehensive survey of moist forest areas across Zimbabwe’s Eastern Highlands was carried out, from Nyanga in the north to Chirinda Forest in the south. All tree stems 8 cm diameter or greater in both canopy and sub-canopy layers were measured in 176 quarter-hectare plots, and plots were then classified into 12 altitude-related forest types. The aim of the present study is to categorise the woody species recorded in these plots in terms of their chorological status. The findings are compared to similar analyses from moist forests across Malawi.Material and methods – All tree species recorded during the initial survey were listed and placed into 12 described chorological (phytogeographical) categories based on their continental distribution. Their occurrence across the 12 previously described forest types is given. Key results and conclusions – A total of 211 tree species was recorded from 176 plots. Most species (86, or 40.8%) are Afromontane endemics or near-endemics, while 48 species (22.7%) are Guineo-Congolian linking, 31 (14.7%) are Eastern endemic or near-endemics, and 16 (7.6%) are sub-Afromontane endemics or near-endemics. The remainder comprise African linking and Zambezian species. This shows that species of the moist forests of eastern Zimbabwe form a complex phytogeographical mix. While Afromontane species dominate at high altitudes, Guineo-Congolian and Eastern species become more common at lower altitudes. In terms of proportions of chorological categories, results were found to be similar to those from forest studies in Malawi.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
An overview of richness and distribution of mosses in Brazil https://plecevo.eu/article/24629/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 183-191

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1635

Authors: Eduardo T. Amorim, Luiz Menini Neto, Andrea Luizi-Ponzo

Abstract: Background and aims – Mosses comprise avascular terrestrial plants whose relationship with other plant lineages is not yet fully understood. These plants have a worldwide distribution, but gaps in their distribution have not yet been clarified for Brazil. Based on a large database, compiled from different sources, we present an overview of the moss distribution in Brazil in order to assess the species richness in different areas, as well as the factors that interfere with this distribution.Material and methods – The study area corresponds to the whole Brazilian territory. We collected data on moss occurrences using different online databases and bibliographies. The data were refined, keeping only the records with taxonomic identification of the species, using valid names and correct geographical coordinates We subsequently plotted the records on a map with a 1° × 1° grid pattern. To ascertain the representativeness of the grid, an analysis of estimated richness was carried out.Key results – A total of 969 species of moss were surveyed, from 26 690 records obtained. The number of species per cell ranged from 1 to 242, and 394 cells were occupied for a total of approximately 1 300 cells. Moss richness in Brazil is subjected to varied sampling effort. The Atlantic Forest showed the greatest richness, both as a result of favourable environmental conditions as well as due to a greater sampling intensity. With the exception of a few localities, the Amazon domain had a low sampling and, consequently, a low richness.Conclusions – The results show that the higher richness is observed in the southern and central parts of Brazil, and this is because of the occurrence of areas that have some type of protection (conservation units), environmental conditions related to high humidity, high elevations, and greater sampling effort.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Time since first record and population density influence range sizes of non-native plants, but also of native plants, in a chronically overgrazed island https://plecevo.eu/article/24628/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 173-182

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1806

Authors: Pedro Garcillán, Carlos Martorell

Abstract: Background and aims − Humans are increasingly introducing species to new regions. It is necessary to understand the processes that drive the expansion of non-native species into these new habitats across multiple spatiotemporal scales.Material and methods − We studied the spatial distribution of the non-native flora (39 species) of Guadalupe Island (246 km2) in the Mexican Pacific. We analyzed how residence time (time since first report in historical sources, 1875–2004) and species attributes (population density, flowering phenology, and individual height) are related with range sizes of non-native plants. To test whether the residence time – range size relationship of non-native plants can result from other factors besides time since their arrival, we compared it to the residence time – range size relationship of native plants. Range sizes were obtained using herbarium data and a systematic field sampling of 110 transects (50 × 2 m) throughout the entire island. We used beta regression to analyze the relationship of range sizes with residence time and species attributes.Key results − Range sizes of non-natives showed a positive relationship with residence time, flower phenology, and notably with plant density, but not with individual height. However, similar relationships were found for native species, casting doubts on whether our results reflect the range expansion rates of non-native species. Conclusions − Our results suggest that the production of large numbers of propagules, both as a result of long reproductive periods and large population sizes, determines to a large extent the rates of range size expansion of non-native species. However, the relationship we found between time since discovery and range size may arise from sampling biases, biological processes, or – most likely – both. This highlights the need for new approaches that allow us to discern the relative contributions of bias and process in our study of non-native species expansion.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
An experimental investigation of costs of tolerance against leaf and floral herbivory in the herbaceous weed horsenettle (Solanum carolinense, Solanaceae) https://plecevo.eu/article/24627/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(2): 161-172

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1805

Authors: Michael Wise, Erika Mudrak

Abstract: Background and aims – A plant’s tolerance of herbivory depends on its ability to endure and compensate for damage so as to lessen the impact that herbivores have on the plant’s performance (e.g. its growth, reproduction, or fitness). While tolerance of herbivory is beneficial to plants, it is rarely complete, and individuals in plant populations tend to vary in their levels of tolerance. The goal of this study was to investigate potential costs associated with tolerance of leaf and floral herbivory in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense), a perennial herbaceous weed that is often subjected to high levels of damage from a diversity of herbivores. Material and methods – We exposed 96 potted individuals across eight genets of horsenettle to factorial treatments of leaf herbivory by lace bugs and simulated floral herbivory by weevils. We quantified tolerance for each plant genet for both types of herbivory in terms of the impact of damage on the number of flowers opened, number of seeds produced, and root biomass (i.e. paternal, maternal, and vegetative tolerance, respectively).Key results – Plant genets ranged widely in their ability to compensate for leaf and flower damage. While there was little evidence for tradeoffs in tolerance through the different routes, there was strong evidence of tradeoffs in genets’ abilities to tolerate herbivore damage to leaves and damage to flowers.Conclusion – Tolerance is a useful defence strategy to cope with damage caused by herbivores, but its evolution may be constrained by concomitant costs and tradeoffs. The evolutionary role of the tradeoffs identified in this study are likely to be greater the more species of herbivores a plant hosts, and the more that herbivore levels vary both spatially and temporally.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0300
Mollinedia ruschii (Monimiaceae, Mollinedioideae), a new Critically Endangered species microendemic to the Atlantic rainforest, eastern Brazil https://plecevo.eu/article/24534/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 150-158

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1741

Authors: Elton John de Lirio, Raquel Negrao, Paulo Takeo Sano, Ariane Luna Peixoto

Abstract: Background – Studies of neotropical Monimiaceae revealed a new species of Mollinedia endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, eastern Brazil. In this study, we describe, illustrate, and compare the new species with related taxa. In addition, ecological comments and extinction risk assessment of the new species are provided.Methods – This study was based on herbarium material and field work observations. The risk of extinction assessment follows the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species’ Criteria and Categories and the latest version of the IUCN Guidelines.Results – Mollinedia ruschii sp. nov. has habitat specificity with few individuals recorded, mainly in the Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, a protected area created by Augusto Ruschi, a Brazilian naturalist and researcher, to whom we dedicate the name of the new species. Phytosociological and forest dynamics studies and intensive field work in the area where the species occurs, enabled the detection of the decline of mature individuals in previous decades. Following the IUCN Red List criteria, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0200
An escape from the Espinhaço Range: a new species of Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae) from the campos rupestres of Serra do Padre Ângelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil https://plecevo.eu/article/24533/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 137-149

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1770

Authors: Caroline Oliveira Andrino, Paulo M. Gonella

Abstract: Background and aims – Recent botanical discoveries have highlighted the occurrence of campos rupestres in the Serra do Padre Ângelo (SPA), eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Here, we introduce the first new species of Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis to be described in the last three decades. Discovered in the SPA, it belongs to an emblematic lineage endemic to the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais.Material and methods – The new species is described based on herbarium material and in situ observations. A morphological phylogenetic analysis was carried out by including the new species in a previously published character matrix. Its spatial distribution is discussed based on the obtained topology.Key results – The new species is endemic to the SPA, but its closest related taxa are endemic to the Espinhaço Range (ER), ca 200 km distant. Its placement in the phylogeny supports the inclusion in P. ser. Fuscati, representing an escape from the ER. We present a clear morphological differentiation between the new species and its closest related taxa. Other similar cases of disjunct distribution among these areas of campos rupestres (SPA vs ER) are reviewed and discussed.Conclusion – Based on the restricted distribution, allied with threats to the habitat, the new species is inserted in the IUCN category of Critically Endangered (CR). This new discovery reinforces the singularity of the SPA and the relevance of biodiversity inventories and conservation studies in the easternmost campos rupestres, and their classification as a priority area for conservation.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Novelties in Lepidaploinae (Asteraceae, Vernonieae) from the easternmost campos rupestres of Minas Gerais, Brazil: two new species and a range expansion https://plecevo.eu/article/24532/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 121-136

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1792

Authors: Guilherme Medeiros Antar, Carolina Siniscalchi, Paulo M. Gonella, Marcelo Monge, Benoit Loeuille

Abstract: Background – Recent collection efforts in Serra do Padre Ângelo, Pico da Aliança, and Sete Salões State Park, all located in the state of Minas Gerais, have uncovered many botanical and zoological novelties. The region is an outlying campos rupestres area inserted in the Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain, with its flora mostly related to that of the core campos rupestres area in the Espinhaço Range. Three species of Asteraceae, one of the most representative families in the campos rupestres, have been recently described for the area. Here we report two new species from the genera Lepidaploa and Lessingianthus and one range extension in Lessingianthus, both from subtribe Lepidaploinae.Methods – This study was based on specimens from the herbaria HUFU, MBML, SPF, UFP, and on field observations. Morphological observations and measures were taken following standard practices. Preliminary conservation assessments are based on field observations and spatial analyses (i.e. extent of occurrence, area of occupancy), following IUCN guidelines and criteria.Results – Two new species are described: Lepidaploa campirupestris, related to Lepidaploa aurea, differing from the latter by leaf indumentum, pedunculate heads, and number of florets; and Lessingianthus petraeus, related to Lessingianthus adenophyllus, but differing by leaf position and leaf blade morphology. We also report a range extension for Lessingianthus squamosus, previously known only for the state of Espírito Santo, ca 200 km away. Our results shed light on the interesting biogeography of the region, which mostly contains components of other campos rupestres areas intermixed with typical inselberg vegetation. It also highlights the importance of compiling floristic inventories in poorly collected localities and the need for conservation strategies for this biodiverse region.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Molecular phylogeny of Atractocarpus (Rubiaceae): taxonomic implications for several New Caledonian Gardenieae species https://plecevo.eu/article/24531/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 111-120

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1744

Authors: Arnaud Mouly, Laure Barrabé, David Bruy

Abstract: Background and aims – New Caledonia is a hotspot of biodiversity in the world. Among the most diverse New Caledonian plant families is Rubiaceae, which consist of 30 genera containing 220 species, with a level of endemism of 93%. The tribe Gardenieae is represented by four genera, Gardenia (8 species), Aidia (2 species), Randia (7 species), and Atractocarpus (10 species). As Randia has now been restricted to the Neotropics, the New Caledonian Randia species remain unplaced within the tribe. Atractocarpus is a Pacific genus, easily characterized by long imbricated stipules, a feature also present in the Randia species and in several Gardenia species in New Caledonia. The aims of the present study are to test the monophyly of Atractocarpus and to assess the phylogenetic placement of the Randia and Gardenia species with long imbricated stipules within Gardenieae and specifically their relationships with taxa of the Porterandia group to which Atractocarpus belongs. Material and methods – We investigated 63 species of Pacific Gardenieae, with a focus on the Porterandia group, in a Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction (cpDNA: trnTF and rpl32, and nrDNA: ITS). Key results – Our study provides a mostly supported consensus tree topology of the Porterandia group. Five Gardenia and seven Randia species fall within a clade that comprises the New Caledonian Atractocarpus species, rendering both Atractocarpus and Gardenia polyphyletic. Conclusion – We enlarge the delimitation of Atractocarpus to include 12 New Caledonian Randia and Gardenia species. New Caledonia is consequently confirmed as the centre of diversity for Atractocarpus with 31 species. According to our study, three genera of Gardenieae occur in the archipelago: Aidia, Gardenia, and Atractocarpus.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0200
Tarennella, a new Pavetteae (Rubiaceae) genus from eastern Madagascar https://plecevo.eu/article/24528/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 87-110

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1756

Authors: Petra De Block, Franck Rakotonasolo, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Aaron P. Davis, Steven B. Janssens

Abstract: Background – This contribution is part of an ongoing study on the taxonomy and the phylogenetic relationships of the Malagasy representatives of the tribe Pavetteae (Rubiaceae).Material and methods – Taxonomic methods follow normal practice of herbarium taxonomy. A molecular study using the plastid markers rps16, trnT-F, petD, and accD-psa1, the nuclear ribosomal marker ITS and the nuclear MADS-box gene marker PI was executed.Key results – Five new species are described from littoral, lowland, or mid-elevation humid forests in eastern Madagascar. They are characterized by compact inflorescences with small, sessile flowers, a densely pubescent style, large placentas with 2–3 immersed ovules, seeds with a small, superficial hilum not surrounded by a thickened annulus, and pollen grains with supratectal elements. The phylogenetic tree, which included three of the five new species, showed an unresolved backbone but high support for distal nodes grouping species. The new species form a distinct monophyletic clade among the other Malagasy Pavetteae genera and are recognised at genus level under the name Tarennella. Provisional IUCN Red List assessments show that Tarennella homolleana is Vulnerable, T. cordatifolia and T. sanguinea are Endangered, T. puberula is Critically Endangered, and T. coronata is Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0200
An update of the Verbenaceae genera and species numbers https://plecevo.eu/article/24527/ Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 80-86

DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2021.1821

Authors: Pedro Henrique Cardoso, Nataly O'Leary, Richard G. Olmstead, Pablo Moroni, Verônica Thode

Abstract: Background and aims – The last comprehensive study that estimated the number of Verbenaceae genera and species was published in 2004, and included 34 genera and around 1200 species. Since then, several publications based on morphology and/or molecular data have proposed important changes within the family. Due to the lack of updated literature to cite when referring to the number of Verbenaceae taxa, a review of these estimates is necessary.Key results and conclusion – We present a detailed list of genera currently accepted in Verbenaceae with the number of species contained in each and compare our numbers with the previous estimate. In addition, we indicate the geographic distribution and the most recent important taxonomic or phylogenetic works for each genus. Our compilation shows that Verbenaceae have 32 genera and 800 species currently accepted.This work provides up-to-date numbers and brings a holistic view of the family.

HTML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0200