Research Article |
Corresponding author: Manon C.M. Hess ( hess@tourduvalat.org ) Academic editor: Brecht Verstraete
© 2022 Manon C.M. Hess, Pilar Angélica Gómez-Ruiz, Leonor Patricia C. Morellato, Elise Buisson.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Hess MC, Gómez-Ruiz PA, Morellato LPC, Buisson E (2022) Phenological patterns of herbaceous Mediterranean plant communities in spring: is there a difference between native and formerly-cultivated grasslands? Plant Ecology and Evolution 155(2): 207-220. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.86335
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Background and aims – Plant phenology, defined as the timing of recurring life events like leaf flushing, flowering, or fruiting, is highly sensitive to environmental factors such as photoperiod, temperature, and moisture. Phenological synchrony between interacting species – such as plants and their pollinators – is of major importance to the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Plant phenology might also be affected by changes in edaphic conditions. However, whether former agricultural activities may shift phenological patterns of plant communities remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the impact of past agricultural practices on herbaceous plant community phenology in the protected Mediterranean xeric grassland of La Crau (France).
Material and methods – We compared (1) species composition, and (2) phenological patterns of annuals, perennials, Bromus rubens (annual), and Lobularia maritima (perennial), in formerly-cultivated plots – abandoned for 30 years – and intact native grassland plots (steppe), both subjected to itinerant sheep grazing.
Key results and conclusion – Our results suggest that former agricultural activities can affect species composition of Mediterranean xeric grassland communities with differences visible after 30 years of abandonment, but only altered phenological patterns slightly. We suggest that climatic factors and sheep grazing acted as strong habitat filters constraining community assembly at the phenological level.
agriculture legacy, Mediterranean dry grassland, plant phenology, phenological patterns, soil disturbance
Plant phenology is defined as the timing of recurring life events (
Shifts in the phenology of interacting species may induce shifts in their synchrony, with cascading consequences for communities, ecosystem dynamics, and ecosystem services (
Variations in plant phenology can result from differences in soil structure and chemical composition including nutrient concentrations (
This study focuses on the impact of former agricultural activities on the phenology of xeric grassland plant communities located in southeastern France, in the Plain of La Crau. La Crau is a protected socio-ecosystem hosting endemic species (e.g. the hedgehog grasshopper Prionotropis rhodanica Uvarov; Foucart and Lecocq 1998) and unique species-rich plant assemblage (
Located in southeastern France (Bouches-du-Rhône), La Crau is a large plain (11,500 ha) considered as the only Mediterranean pseudo-steppe of France (Fig.
Since the 1960s, several types of cultivation occurred in some areas of the steppe, resulting in the fragmentation of the formerly homogenous steppe landscape (
Study site. Geographic location and plot location are indicated. Plots S1, S2, and S3 (blue) are located on a remnant patch of steppe. Plots F1, F2 and F3 (pink) are located on formerly-cultivated sites. Maps from Google Earth (data from SOI, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO; images Lansat/Copernicus).
Edaphic conditions of formerly-cultivated plots are significantly different from the steppe, although cultivation has been abandoned for many years before their investigation (
Sampling was performed at six sites (Fig.
We carried out our sampling during the period of the year where the annual species are going through various phenological stages (from vegetative to flower buds, flowers, fruits, and dispersion/senescence), from mid-April to mid-June 2015 (
Since sheep grazing occurred at all plots during the experiment, phenological stage was sometimes hard to determine for severely grazed individuals. A sixth category, named ‘grazed’, was therefore included. As the same sheep flock grazed both types of plots and was not preferentially directed to one or another, we considered that the same grazing pressure was applied on all plots.
In order to compare the composition of plant communities, a Correspondence Analysis was run on the total number of individuals for each species (144 quadrats × 80 species) using the function ‘dudi.coa’ from the package ‘ade4’ in R v.3.2.0 (
For each quadrat, we calculated the percentage of individuals in each phenophase j (Percphenj) using the formula:
where k is the total number of species on each quadrat and ni,j the number of individuals of species i in phenophase j. The formula was used to calculate the percentage of individuals in each phenophase for annuals (60 species), perennials (20 species), B. rubens and L. maritima.
In order to assess the impact of former agriculture on phenological patterns, we used generalized linear mixed models with beta distribution (with beta family and logit link;
We sampled a total of 18 families, 80 species (60 annuals and 20 perennials), and 3765 individuals (Supplementary file 2). Species richness per quadrat was significantly lower in formerly-cultivated plots (8.28 ± 0.3, mean ± SD) than in steppe plots (12.25 ± 0.9, mean ± SD) (F = 5.681, p < 0.01). Annual individuals represented 69.7% and 68.3% of total individuals in steppe plots and formerly-cultivated plots respectively.
As shown in the Correspondence Analysis (Fig.
Correspondence analysis (CA) of species composition of the plant communities. S1, S2, and S3 correspond to native steppe plots (blue) and F1, F2, and F3 correspond to formerly-cultivated plots (pink). For each species, the total number of individuals was used for analysis. Species with less than 20 total individuals were not depicted. Final matrix: 144 quadrats × 80 species.
While for both formerly-cultivated plots and steppe plots, the percentage of annuals in vegetative state decreased over time, the percentage of perennials in that state decreased moderately (Figs
The percentage of annuals with flower buds reached 35% at week 3 in steppe plots and 48% at week 5 in formerly-cultivated plots (Fig.
The percentage of fruiting annuals overall increased over time, reaching maximal values at week 6 in steppe plots (44%; Fig.
In steppe plots, the percentage of fruiting perennials was very low until week 6 (<4%), and reached its maximal value at week 7 (17%; Fig.
Annual species phenological patterns: percentage of individuals per quadrat over time (weeks) on steppe plots (blue triangles) and formerly-cultivated plots (pink circles). A. Vegetative state. B. Grazed. C. Carrying flower buds. D. Carrying flowers. E. Carrying fruits. F. In dispersal/senescence. Each small, light circle or triangle refers to one measurement (quadrat). Variations in means (± SE) are represented by the large, dark circles and triangles linked by segments. Significant differences between percentages of individuals in each phenophase at each date are represented (** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05). NT indicates that no statistical test was performed.
Perennial species phenological patterns: percentage of individuals per quadrat over time (weeks) on steppe plots (blue triangles) and formerly-cultivated plots (pink circles). A. Vegetative state. B. Grazed. C. Carrying flower buds. D. Carrying flowers. E. Carrying fruits. F. In dispersal/senescence. Each small, light circle or triangle refers to one measurement (quadrat). Variations in means (± SE) are represented by the large, dark circles and triangles linked by segments. Significant differences between percentages of individuals in each phenophase at each date are represented (* p < 0.05). NT indicates that no statistical test was performed.
For both formerly-cultivated plots and steppe plots, we no longer observed individuals at the vegetative state after week 4 (Fig.
Bromus rubens phenological patterns: percentage of individuals per quadrat over time (weeks) on steppe plots (blue triangles) and formerly-cultivated plots (pink circles). A. Vegetative state. B. Grazed. C. Carrying flower buds. D. Carrying flowers. E. Carrying fruits. F. In dispersal/senescence. Each small, light circle or triangle refers to one measurement (quadrat). Variations in means (± SE) are represented by the large, dark circles and triangles linked by segments. Significant differences between percentages of individuals in each phenophase at each date are represented (* p < 0.05). NT indicates that no statistical test was performed.
For both formerly-cultivated plots and steppe plots, the percentage of individuals in vegetative state remained higher than 50% except at week 4, where it decreased to 40% and 36% in steppe and formerly-cultivated plots respectively (Fig.
Lobularia maritima phenological patterns: percentage of individuals per quadrat over time (weeks) on steppe plots (blue triangles) and formerly-cultivated plots (pink circles). A. Vegetative state. B. Grazed. C. Carrying flower buds. D. Carrying flowers. E. Carrying fruits. F. In dispersal/senescence. Each small, light circle or triangle refers to one measurement (quadrat). Variations in means (± SE) are represented by the large, dark circles and triangles linked by segments. NT indicates that no statistical test was performed.
Our study suggests that past cultivation practices can substantially affect the composition of Mediterranean xeric grassland communities with differences visible after 30 years of abandonment, but alter phenological patterns only slightly. Species composition is clearly distinct between steppe and formerly-cultivated communities (Fig.
Despite differences in species composition, our results highlight a convergence in phenological patterns of annuals, perennials, B. rubens, and L. maritima between plot types (Figs
Phenological patterns of perennials appear overall more similar between plot types than annuals (Fig.
The distinct phenological patterns between annuals and perennials may be explained by differences in reproductive/survival strategies. In the Mediterranean Basin, summer is the most stressful season for plants with mild to severe drought and high temperatures (
Overall, phenological patterns of annuals and perennials as well as the annuals/perennials ratio did not differ much between plot types, implying a convergence of annuals/perennials ratio and phenology in communities re-established after disturbance. The convergence of communities at the phenological and reproductive strategy levels suggests that deterministic assembly rules drive community assembly at these levels (i.e. environmental conditions determine the types of available niches and therefore the species that can fill them;
Our results highlight that past cultivation practices can affect the composition of Mediterranean xeric grassland communities with differences visible after 30 years of abandonment, but alters only slightly phenological patterns. We suggest that the harsh Mediterranean climate and sheep grazing most likely acted as strong habitat filters constraining community assembly at the phenological level. We do not exclude that other biotic interactions (e.g. plant-pollinators interaction, inter-specific plant competition for pollinators) may have influenced the phenological composition of the communities established after the disturbance. Quantifying their importance would require further investigation.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, M.C.M. Hess, upon reasonable request.
We are grateful to CEN PACA and Réserve Naturelle des Coussouls de La Crau for site access and to Daniel Pavon, IMBE botanist, for species identification. P.A. Gómez-Ruiz was supported by the scholarships “Improvements in the graduation rate of the Doctorate in Science of the Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences 2014” from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), and mixed scholarship 2015 from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT).
Results from generalized linear mixed models (beta distribution) comparing phenological patterns between plot types for annuals, perennials, Bromus rubens and Lobularia maritima.
Total number of individuals per sampled species recorded during the 8 weeks of experiment, in steppe and formerly-cultivated plots.