DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167496

Authors: Noelia Emilia Alejandrina Almirón, Viviana Griselda Solís Neffa

Abstract: Background and aims – Integrating landscape information with genetic data offers critical insights for biodiversity conservation and management. The Gran Chaco region, one of the most biodiverse and threatened subtropical woodlands, features a highly heterogeneous landscape largely shaped by river dynamics. This study focuses on Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, a dominant tree species in this region with ecological, commercial, medical, and conservation significance, to investigate the interactions among population genetics, landscape features, and climatic factors. Material and methods – To assess if watersheds influence the spatial distribution of genetic variability in A. quebracho-blanco, we conducted analyses of genetic variability and structure among watersheds. Based on AFLP data, we applied horizontal interpolation analysis, Mantel test, and Barrier software to identify potential barriers to gene flow among populations and compared these with topographic and hydrographic features across the Argentinian Chaco. Finally, we used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on genetic diversity. Key results – Our results reveal that genetic variability is spatially structured at the regional scale. Eight potential barriers to gene flow were identified, primarily corresponding to major river systems and orographic features. PCA indicated that elevation and climate likely influence population genetic patterns. Conclusion – The observed associations among genetic structure, landscape heterogeneity, and climate provide essential insights for the management, conservation, and ecological restoration of A. quebracho-blanco in the Gran Chaco region. For in situ conservation, it is recommended that each sampled population be managed independently. In contrast, for restoration actions and ex situ conservation, management is recommended from a watershed-based perspective.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.205605

Authors: Bram D’hondt, Senne Brutsaert, Wannes Dermout, Axel Neukermans, Jo Packet, Tim Adriaens

Abstract: Background and aims – Crassula helmsii is a highly invasive aquatic plant in Europe, subject to international policy measures (EU Regulation 1143/2014). While its vegetative reproduction is well-documented, the role of sexual reproduction and seed ecology remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the germination capacity of C. helmsii seeds and revisit its potential for dormancy and seed bank formation. Material and methods – We conducted in vitro germination trials using plant material collected from ten populations in Belgium. Following cold storage (winter conditions), seeds were sown on agar, and germination was tracked. In a comparative trial, flowers from the same populations were sown on a soil substrate, with germination estimated based on the number of seeds per flower—the only method previously used to study the species. Key results – Crassula helmsii populations exhibited high germination rates, with an estimated overall mean of 68.5%. When excluding seeds that proved non-viable, germination was nearly complete (95.7%). The flower-based trial yielded lower germination (13.8%), consistent with earlier results. This lower emergence is likely real, not an artifact, and suggests environmental constraints that are relevant under more realistic germination conditions. Conclusion – Our study demonstrates that C. helmsii populations in Belgium produce numerous viable seeds that germinate readily. Considering additional evidence from the Crassulaceae family, we hypothesize that C. helmsii is self-compatible, positively photoblastic, exhibits physiological dormancy broken by chilling, and is capable of forming persistent seed banks. The species can thus combine asexual (clonal growth and dispersal) and sexual strategies (seed dispersal, dormancy, and seed bank formation). These insights have important implications for the management of this invasive species.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.196693

Authors: Mark Arcebal K. Naive, Donnafe J. Ancheta, McArthur Cababan, Eddie P. Mondejar, Harold O. Buenvenida, Mark Hughes, Wen Bin Yu

Abstract: Background and aims – The Philippine archipelago harbours the world’s greatest diversity of flowering plants, yet it is identified as a global plant diversity darkspot where much of this diversity remains poorly documented and inadequately sampled. To address this knowledge gap, extensive botanical explorations have been conducted, leading to the discovery of three new Begonia species from Panay and Mindanao Islands, which are described and illustrated herein. Material and methods – All morphological descriptions and measurements are based on recently collected living and herbarium specimens. The new species are included in a phylogenetic analysis based on noncoding plastid regions (ndhA intron, ndhF-rpl32 spacer, and rpl32-trnL spacer) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region from the assembled plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Key results – The newly described species from Mindanao (Begonia absiana sp. nov. and B. amorosoana sp. nov.) exhibit close morphological similarities to B. acuminatissima, while the novel species from Panay (B. panayica sp. nov.) shows affinity to B. biliranensis. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the monophyly of B. sect. Baryandra but revealed significant cytonuclear discordance and unresolved relationships within the group. All three new species were placed in a well-supported clade, but their precise relationships remain uncertain, possibly reflecting rapid diversification. Conclusion – These findings underscore an urgent need to intensify botanical exploration and conservation efforts in the Philippines to protect these unique evolutionary lineages before their habitats are lost.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.185741

Authors: Kaio C.M. da Cunha, Flávia M. Durgante, Laura L. Rivera-Parada, Itamara G. da Gama, Glaucileide Ferreira, Semirian C. Amoêdo, Caroline C. Vasconcelos

Abstract: Background and aims – Understanding the distribution of Amazonian tree species is hindered by sparse occurrence data and strong environmental heterogeneity. Species with wide geographic ranges but restricted habitat occupancy challenge climate-only explanations of distribution patterns. Here, we investigate the environmental drivers shaping the distribution of Ragala ucuquirana-branca (Sapotaceae) and the environmental filters constraining its realized distribution. Material and methods – We compiled 72 occurrence records from herbarium specimens and forest monitoring plots across the Amazon Basin. Species distribution models were developed using an ensemble framework integrating climatic, edaphic, topographic, and land cover variables across multiple algorithms. Model performance was evaluated using threshold-independent and threshold-dependent metrics, and habitat suitability was projected across the Amazon Basin. Key results – Model performance was consistently high, indicating robust discrimination between suitable and unsuitable environments. Soil-related predictors collectively accounted for the largest share of model importance, exceeding climatic and other environmental variables. Soil pH in water emerged as the most influential predictor, followed by water vapor pressure, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and the cation exchange capacity. Although the species exhibits a broad Extent of Occurrence of ca 1.48 million km2, its Area of Occupancy is highly restricted, revealing a spatially aggregated distribution. This pattern, together with severe fragmentation among subpopulations and environmentally constrained suitable habitats, supports a preliminary conservation assessment of Endangered. Suitable habitats are concentrated in Central Amazonia and adjacent portions of Northwestern and Southwestern Amazonia, whereas marginal conditions predominated across Eastern and especially Southeastern Amazonia. Conclusion – The distribution of R. ucuquirana-branca is strongly constrained by edaphic conditions and atmospheric stability rather than by broad climatic gradients alone. This decoupling between geographic range size and effective habitat occupancy highlights ecological specialization and potential vulnerability. More broadly, the study underscores the importance of incorporating soil and atmospheric filters into assessments of species rarity, distribution, and conservation priorities in hyperdiverse tropical forests.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.185113

Authors: Ray Balieiro Lopes-Neto, Joana Patrícia Pantoja Serrão Filgueira, Jan Hackel, Maria S. Vorontsova, Pedro Lage Viana, Fernando Omar Zuloaga

Abstract: Backgrounds and aims – Trichanthecium is a grass genus composed of species transferred from Panicum and is positioned in an incertae sedis clade in the tribe Paniceae (“Sacciolepis grex” clade), formed exclusively by C3 taxa. Currently, the genus possesses 52 species occurring in tropical and subtropical America, Africa, and Madagascar. Trichanthecium perrieri is the only species endemic to Madagascar and is morphologically related to another endemic species: Panicum ambositrense. We evaluated the position of P. ambositrense in the “Sacciolepis grex” clade, and applied an integrative approach, combining phylogenetic, anatomical, and morphological analyses to assess whether the species belongs to Trichanthecium. Material and methods – The phylogenetic analyses were conducted using previously published plastid markers (ndhF and rbcL). Anatomical analysis was used to describe the cross-sectional and epidermal leaf anatomy, and the taxonomic treatment was based on herbarium material, focusing on the macromorphological description of the species, micromorphological description of the upper anthecium (with scanning electron microscopy), and taxonomic comparative comments to other species. Key results – The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the position of P. ambositrense within the Trichanthecium clade, in a group with T. aequinerve and T. perrieri. Anatomical analysis indicated that the species has C3 photosynthesis, based on the presence of two sheaths without specialized chloroplasts surrounding the vascular bundles and six to ten mesophylls cells with specialized chloroplasts between consecutive vascular bundles. The taxonomic analysis indicated that P. ambositrense matches the morphological concept of Trichanthecium. Conclusion – A new combination, Trichanthecium ambositrense, is presented along with its morphological description, a distribution map, an illustration, data on its distribution, habitat and phenology, a preliminary conservation status assessment (Vulnerable), and taxonomic comments on related species. The species of Trichanthecium occurring in Madagascar are listed and discussed, and an updated identification key is presented for the Old World species of the genus.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.176521

Authors: Xiao-Chen Li, Bin-Jie Ge, Zhi-Jin Wu, Zheng-Wei Wang

Abstract: Background and aims – Lysimachia peduncularis has not been recorded in China for nearly half a century. Its recent rediscovery in southern Yunnan provides a critical opportunity to update its taxonomic description, clarify its nomenclatural history, and re-evaluate its systematic placement using comprehensive genomic data. Material and methods – We conducted detailed comparative morphological analysis based on newly collected specimens. Molecular phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using nrITS, three plastid DNA regions (atpF-atpH, trnL-trnF, and rpl32-trnL), and the first reported complete plastome for this species. Key results – Phylogenomic evidence strongly supports L. peduncularis as sister to a clade comprising L. laxa and L. lancifolia, nested firmly within L. subg. Idiophyton. This robust placement revises its traditional classification, which was based solely on morphology. Notably, L. peduncularis exhibits an atypical ratio of filament-to-anther length, departing from the general pattern observed in Lysimachia. While this trait remains a key diagnostic character for the subgenus, its variation in this species underscores the need for caution when using single morphological traits for infrageneric classification. Conclusion – This rediscovery not only confirms the current status of L. peduncularis in China and expands its known distribution but also resolves its phylogenetic position. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the evolutionary history and character evolution within Lysimachia.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.185223

Authors: Landy R. Rajaovelona, Jakub D. Wieczorkowski, Velosoa Razafiniary, Ary Misa Andry Ny Aina, Miadana A. Faramalala, Besoa M. R. Ramaminirina, Caroline E. R. Lehmann, Ai-Qun Hu, Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar, Isabel Larridon, Mijoro Rakotoarinivo

Abstract: Background and aims – Madagascar harbours high numbers of threatened orchid species, making it critical for orchid conservation. The Itremo Massif Protected Area (Itremo Massif PA), a Key Biodiversity Area in the Central Highlands, comprises diverse habitats essential for orchid survival. Previously, only 30% of the 83 orchid species recorded in the Itremo Massif PA had been assessed for the IUCN Red List. This research documents and analyses their habitats and threats to propose conservation approaches. Material and methods – We compiled a dataset of orchid species native to the Itremo Massif PA, including information on endemicity, conservation status, habitats, and threats from IUCN Red List assessments and field observations. A species-by-habitat matrix was constructed, and species composition across habitats was analysed using a β-diversity framework. Overall β-diversity (βSOR) was partitioned into species turnover and nestedness components. We also evaluated the proportion of threatened orchid species (Critically Endangered – CR, Endangered – EN and Vulnerable – VU) associated with the primary habitats and threats in the PA. Key results – Of the 83 orchid species native to the Itremo Massif PA, 64% (53 spp.) are endemic to Madagascar and 41% (34 spp.) are threatened (1 CR, 16 EN, 17 VU). Species composition varies markedly between habitats (βSOR = 0.83), primarily driven by species turnover (0.66). Bare soil and rock host the most orchid species (60%, 50 spp.). Bare soil and rock and grassland share the most species (14%, 12 spp.), while humid forest contains the most species restricted to a single habitat (16%, 13 spp.). Orchids are primarily threatened by mining and quarrying, increased fire intensity/frequency, logging and wood harvesting, and shifting agriculture. Conclusion – Conservation should prioritise humid forest for its unique orchid species, and bare soil and rock for their richness in endemic and threatened species. Grassland also represents essential habitat for terrestrial orchids. Further research on population dynamics, pollination, and fungal interactions is needed to better assess extinction risk and manage conservation.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.169013

Authors: Simona Dumitrița Chirilă, Alexandru-Mihai Pintilioaie, Ana Mariana Chirilă, Nikolay Velev

Abstract: Background and aims – The relationships between insect species and plant functional traits are complex but vital in their ecosystem structure and functioning. Our study examined functional traits of Crambe tataria to assess their influence on insect abundance and community composition. Material and methods – The study was carried out in April–May 2024 and 2025 at four locations in Iași and Vaslui counties, Romania. We investigated the presence of insects on C. tataria inflorescences and their relationship to plant functional traits. To understand the relationships between plant functional traits (plant height and inflorescence circumference) and insect abundance, we applied a Kendall’s rank correlation test. The vegetation was classified using agglomerative hierarchical clustering, while insect community clustering was based on Euclidean distances and complete linkage. Key results – A total of 36 insect taxa were identified on C. tataria, including 30 taxa identified to species level and six identified only to the genus level. The predominant trophic group was represented by phytophagous insects. Rare or conservation-relevant species, such as Clanoptilus affinis and Lixus canescens, were also recorded. A positive correlation was found between plant height and the number of Cercopis sanguinolenta. The number of C. sanguinolenta, Eurydema ornata, and Bibio hortulanus significantly increased with inflorescence circumference. Cluster analyses (108 plots) revealed three plant associations and three distinct insect communities, mainly phytophagous or pollen-feeding. Alpha-diversity indices varied between locations: Horlești presented the highest richness, Miroslava and Vulturi presented moderate diversity, while Glodeni had lower diversity. The PERMANOVA test showed that plant height and inflorescence circumference in C. tataria significantly influenced the composition of the insect community, explaining 34.5% of the observed variation. Conclusion – Plant height and inflorescence circumference of C. tataria were significantly correlated with the abundance of some phytophagous insect species, particularly Cercopis sanguinolenta, Eurydema ornata, and Bibio hortulanus.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.176900

Authors: Jovianne Birindwa, Antoine Karangwa, Emile Maheshe

Abstract: Background and aims – Cinchona species, the botanical source of quinine, remain essential for treating severe malaria and support rural livelihoods in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Yet, increasing climate stress and land degradation threaten its future habitat suitability. This study assessed current and mid-century habitat suitability for Cinchona in North and South Kivu provinces and prioritised areas for conservation and replanting. Material and methods – Potential distributions were modelled with MaxEnt using 125 validated occurrences and ten environmental predictors (five bioclimatic, three topographic, two edaphic). To limit multicollinearity, we pre-selected variables with |r| < 0.7 and VIF < 10. Future projections used 2050s CMIP6 climates under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5. Key results – Model performance was high. Thermal variability together with elevation most strongly explained suitability, indicating a preference for moderate thermal regimes at 1,400–2,300 m. Under current climate, high suitability covers 4.13% of the study area, moderate 6.49%, low 27.67%, and 61.71% is unsuitable. By the 2050s, high suitability contracts to 1.27% (SSP2-4.5) and 1.07% (SSP5-8.5), while unsuitable area expands to 81.72% and 83.90%, respectively. High-suitability zones cluster along the eastern escarpment, notably Lubero, Oïcha, Kabare, Walungu, and Butembo, whereas lowland territories such as Shabunda and Fizi become largely unsuitable. Conclusion – Our results delineate micro-refugia for in situ protection, guide climate-resilient replanting toward highlands, and indicate where ex situ measures and assisted restoration will be needed under future climate conditions.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.175775

Authors: Daniel B. Montesinos-Tubée, Cameron E.L. Dasher, Thomas Borsch, Alejandro Torres-Montúfar

Abstract: Background and aims – The newly described species Arcytophyllum leymebambense sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) from the Amazonas department of northern Peru represents an isolated lineage within the monophyletic genus Arcytophyllum. This study aims to describe its distinctive morphological features and ecological context, assess its phylogenetic position, and discuss its implications for the diversification of the genus in the Andes. Material and methods – Morphological observations were conducted on herbarium specimens and field collections from the type locality. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using nuclear and plastid DNA sequences from the tribe Spermacoceae, with particular emphasis on Arcytophyllum. Key results – Arcytophyllum leymebambense sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from its congeners by its acuminate leaf and sepal apices, hirsute-lanuginose seeds, and the presence of protective hooks surrounding the ovary. It inhabits humid, high-elevation grasslands known as “Jalca,” where it coexists with a diverse assemblage of montane species. The species appears to be endemic to the region and is currently known from only three populations. Its restricted distribution, combined with potential threats such as overgrazing and fire, supports a preliminary conservation assessment as Critically Endangered (CR). Conclusion – The discovery of Arcytophyllum leymebambense sp. nov. highlights the underestimated diversity of Andean Rubiaceae and provides evidence that Andean species form a grade within the diversification of Arcytophyllum. This pattern suggests a historical northward expansion of the lineage into the high mountains of Panama and Costa Rica.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.160401

Authors: Getsemani López-Gea, Mónica Ilsy Jiménez Rojas, Alexander Vrijdaghs, Andrés Xingú-López, Rolando Cifuentes-Velásquez, Ivonne Sánchez-del Pino

Abstract: Background and aims – Amaranthus cruentus, native to Mexico and Guatemala, has significant cultural, medicinal, and ornamental uses and growing agricultural relevance. However, little research has focused on its origin and domestication. To determine its domestication syndrome, we identified a set of domestication-linked traits in cultivated A. cruentus and compared them with its wild ancestor A. hybridus and with A. cruentus accessions from different regions. We assessed whether the domestication syndrome enables us (1) to differentiate between the wild and cultivated species and (2) to determine the level of domestication in populations of A. cruentus from different putative centres of domestication. Material and methods – Populations of A. cruentus and A. hybridus were sampled from Mexico and Guatemala. Ten morphological traits related to vegetative stage, anthesis, and seed maturation were evaluated to identify patterns linked to domestication. PERMANOVA was used to analyse differences in traits between cultivated and wild populations. Key results – Basal stem size, plant height, inflorescence length, and seed yield (total mass) differed significantly between A. cruentus and A. hybridus. Amaranthus cruentus had a broader range of seed and inflorescence colours. The Mexican accessions had taller plants, longer inflorescences, and greater seed yield than the Guatemalan. Conclusion – The selected set of characters unambiguously distinguishes the wild A. hybridus from the cultivated A. cruentus, enables differentiation of domestication levels, suggesting that Mexican accessions are more domesticated than the Guatemalan.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.165628

Authors: David Gutiérrez-Duque, María Camila Ángel-Vallejo, Luis Fernando Coca, David Sanín, Diana Medellín-Zabala

Abstract: Background and aims – Gustavia santanderiensis is a tree species from the Magdalena Valley described around a century ago. Despite the species’ morphological plasticity, restricted range, and ecology, the species has been greatly understudied. This study aims to establish a clear taxonomic framework for the species based on its morphology and to determine its distribution and predicted range, ecological niche, and conservation status. Material and methods – A careful revision of herbarium specimens was performed along with field work in the type locality. We used the occurrence records to build an Ecological Niche Model (ENM) using the maximum entropy algorithm through the kuenm package. The accessibility area was constructed by overlapping the records with the ecoregions that encompass the Magdalena Valley. The model was generated using a unique set of bioclimatic variables, with their contributions and permutation importance estimated. Key results – The flower colour in Gustavia santanderiensis, previously described by Knuth and Mori as white petals, varies considerably. Surprisingly, none of the specimens cited by Mori and Prance (1979) in their monograph corresponds to G. santanderiensis. Its geographic range is more restricted than previously known, excluding its occurrence in Brazil, and it is now endemic to Colombia. According to the ENM, the species occurs between 100 and 680 m in areas where the annual mean temperature and annual precipitation range do not vary significantly. The annual mean temperature, isothermality, and temperature seasonality were the variables with the highest contributions and permutation importance in the model. Conclusion – Gustavia santanderiensis is an endangered, endemic species of the Magdalena Valley, characterised by remarkable flower colour variation that warrants further investigation. In addition to redescribing this species, we provide the first taxonomic key for Gustavia in the Magdalena Valley, which will serve as a diagnostic tool for the species in one of Colombia’s most diverse yet fragmented regions.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.160614

Authors: Higor Antonio-Domingues, Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz, Mônica Lanzoni Rossi, Rafael Felipe de Almeida, Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli, Gwilym Peter Lewis, Ana Paula Fortuna-Perez

Abstract: Background and aims – Zornia is the only pantropical genus in the Adesmia clade (Dalbergieae), subdivided into two clades by previous phylogenetic studies. Zornia remains the only genus of the Adesmia clade to be palynologically understudied. We present a comprehensive palynological study for this genus, testing the systematic relevance of pollen morphology in a phylogenetic context. Materials and Methods – Standard acetolysis was performed on all pollen grains of the Zornia species, alongside advanced microscopic techniques (LM, SEM, and TEM). Additionally, a principal components analysis was performed to elucidate patterns of variation in quantitative data among species. Using the most recent phylogenetic framework existing for the taxa, we scored and coded 13 micromorphological characters to test for secondary homologies. Key results – A comprehensive pollen characterisation enabled a complete description of Zornia as stenopalynous, with some differences in pollen grain size and ultrastructure of the operculum, margo, and sexine. The thickness of the pollen nexine (> 0.5 μm) is considered a synapomorphy for the genus Zornia, as shown by our character reconstruction analysis. Conclusions – The presence of colpate apertures is a unifying pollen character of the genus Zornia. In addition, the thickness of the pollen nexine (> 0.5 μm) was recovered as a synapomorphy for the genus, while Zornia Clade A was supported by two homoplasies correlated with ultrasculpture of the apocolpium (psilate-perforate) and sexine thickness (< 0.5 μm) and Zornia Clade B by the exoaperture width (5–10 μm). The stenopalynous nature of Zornia pollen grains is corroborated here by the large number of homoplasies recovered.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.164557

Authors: Cynthia Hong-Wa, Guillaume Besnard

Abstract: Background and aims – Madagascar’s rich flora originated mostly from in situ diversification, and the large-scale plant species richness pattern is mainly explained by spatial heterogeneity. However, mechanisms underlying plant community assembly remain largely unexplored. We aimed to understand the coexistence of a species swarm in the Malagasy olive (Noronhia, Oleaceae) on the northern massif of Montagne d’Ambre and to gain insights into the factors influencing community assembly. Material and methods – We used 13 environmental and 17 trait variables sampled across 24 plots and 13 species on the mountain, respectively. We determined likely trait-environment relationships across space using the multivariate RLQ analysis, the bivariate fourth-corner method, and their combination. We also checked for phylogenetic signal (Blomberg’s K and Moran’s I) among traits and assessed the phylogenetic community structure (SES.MPD and SES.MNTD) using nested spatial and phylogenetic scales. Key results – Significant trait-environment relationships were recovered with the multivariate and the combined multi–bivariate analyses at a large spatial scale, whereas patterns at small spatial scales were unclear. Distinct assemblages at lower and higher elevations were identified and appeared to be influenced by bioclimate and soil gradients. Strong phylogenetic signals were detected in seven traits across spatial scales, regardless of phylogenetic scales. The communities exhibited an overall pattern of phylogenetic clustering with a large phylogenetic scale, while a hint of overdispersion emerged in the low-elevation assemblage with a small phylogenetic scale. Conclusion – Multiple mechanisms may influence the coexistence of the Noronhia swarm on Montagne d’Ambre, with environmental filtering and niche partitioning seemingly acting on vegetative and reproductive functions, respectively. More focus on reproductive biology will provide further insights into the assembly of Malagasy plant communities. This study also highlights the conservation values of Montagne d’Ambre as a unique ecosystem supporting the flora, fauna, and human populations of the northernmost region of Madagascar.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734

Authors: Naim Berisha, Fadil Millaku, Elez Krasniqi

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) comprises ecologically and biogeographically significant taxa in the mountainous regions of the Balkans. Despite its importance, the diversity and distribution of Pulsatilla taxa in Kosovo have remained poorly documented. This study provides an updated overview based on new field data and critical taxonomic assessment. Material and methods – Extensive fieldwork was carried out across various mountain massifs in Kosovo, supplemented by herbarium revisions and morphological comparisons with reference material. Elevational ranges, ecological preferences, and population data were recorded for each taxon. Key results – A total of four species comprising five taxa are confirmed for the flora of Kosovo: Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia, P. halleri subsp. rhodopaea, P. montana subsp. balkana, P. montana subsp. jankae, and P. vernalis. New distributional records are provided, including the first confirmed presence of P. halleri subsp. rhodopaea in Kosovo and P. vernalis in the Sharri Mountains. Past misidentifications of P. montana subsp. jankae as P. vulgaris subsp. grandis are corrected. Conservation assessments suggest that P. alpina subsp. apiifolia remains nationally endangered, while P. halleri subsp. rhodopaea qualifies as Vulnerable due to its restricted range and occurrence at only two sites. Conclusion – The study clarifies the taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status of Pulsatilla taxa in Kosovo. It highlights the regional importance of certain populations and underscores the need for continued monitoring and habitat protection in light of environmental pressures and climate change. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of plant diversity in the Western Balkans and support evidence-based conservation planning.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.154149

Authors: Iris Montero-Muñoz, Patricia Barberá

Abstract: Background and aims – The production of the Flora of Gabon is advancing biodiversity discovery and highlighting knowledge gaps in complex genera, such as Tragia. By studying this genus, we have identified new species to science and documented new country records for Gabon. Material and methods – Standard practices of herbarium taxonomy were applied to study material from institutions with important holdings from Central Africa. Key results – After a critical study of specimens from Gabon and surrounding territories, a total of six species of Tragia were identified in the country. Two new species, Tragia flagellata and T. sericea, are described and preliminarily assessed as Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU), respectively. We cite Tragia mildbraediana and T. zenkeri as new records for Gabon. Comprehensive nomenclatural information is supplied and three lectotypes are designated. An updated identification key, an original illustration, photos of the new species, and maps are provided.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.147801

Authors: Pablo Dupiol, Armel Chakocha, Marie-Louise Avana Tientcheu, Mohamed Mahamoud Charahabil, Cedric Mariac, Adeline Barnaud, Jérôme Duminil

Abstract: Background and aims – We developed a new set of nuclear microsatellite markers for Cola acuminata (Malvaceae), an important African food tree species commonly known as the kola nut. Probably originating from the tropical rainforests of the Congo Basin, C. acuminata is widely cultivated in the humid savannahs of the region where its nuts are sold throughout Central and West Africa for their stimulant properties. Nuclear microsatellite markers (SSRs) are well suited for assessing the genetic diversity and population structure of plant species due to their high variability. Material and methods – Leaf samples were collected from 84 C. acuminata cultivated individuals across three sites in Cameroon, two in the savannah zone, one in the forest zone. SSR markers were developed by sequencing genomic DNA from two individuals using an Illumina HiSeq platform. Genetic diversity was assessed based on 14 SSR markers genotyped in 84 individuals, and marker transferability to the closely related species Cola nitida was tested. Key results – Forty-eight new microsatellite loci were developed, of which 14 were polymorphic in C. acuminata. The results demonstrated a high level of genetic diversity with the presence of two to 33 alleles per locus (with an average of 14.14) across the three sites. The transferability of these markers was confirmed with 13 out of the 14 SSRs successfully amplifying in the closely related species, Cola nitida. Conclusion – These newly developed SSRs will be useful for assessing genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and gene flow patterns of C. acuminata in the tropical forests of Central Africa. Preliminary results suggest genetic similarity between the two savannah sites. However, these two sites were significantly differentiated from the site in the forest zone. This suggests that the propagation material introduced in the savannah zone did not originate from the forest in southern Cameroon.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.160271

Authors: Angélica Aparecida Ávila, Cássio Cardoso Pereira, Crislaine Paula de Oliveira, Carlos A. Ordóñez-Parra, Sérgio Gualberto Martins, Gislene Carvalho de Castro

Abstract: Background and aims – Hedgerows may play a crucial ecological role in maintaining connectivity in fragmented Atlantic Forest landscapes. However, little is known about their contribution to ecological processes, particularly seed rain. Material and methods – To test this, we conducted a study in Ritápolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, comparing a 500-meter-long hedgerow corridor with a 10.5-hectare forest fragment. We installed 20 seed collectors in each area and monitored them for a year, testing the hypothesis that hedgerow corridors have equivalent levels of litter, fruit, and seed production compared to preserved forest fragments. Key results – The results revealed that hedgerows can present greater fruit richness and higher litter dry weight than adjacent forest fragments. Furthermore, the other parameters evaluated in these hedgerows were equivalent to those observed in fragmented areas, reinforcing their importance in biodiversity conservation in rural landscapes. These findings directly support the hypothesis tested, highlighting hedgerows as essential structures for maintaining ecological processes, increasing environmental connectivity, and mitigating the impacts of forest fragmentation. Conclusion – This study contributes to the understanding of the role of ecological connectivity in hedgerows, paving the way for further research that can expand this knowledge.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.161947

Authors: D. Jithmi M. De Silva, B.D. Punsara Dharaka, K.M.G. Gehan Jayasuriya, Filip Vandelook

Abstract: Background and aims – Climate change is a significant global challenge affecting soil health and agriculture, including increased soil salinity levels. Certain salt-tolerant wild species can be considered for crop improvement and provide a solution to increasing salinization. We studied the inter-population variation in salt tolerance of Vigna marina seedlings, to explore the potential use of these wild resources to improve cultivated Vigna and for better conservation decisions. Material and methods – Inter-populational variation in salinity tolerance of seedlings of four different V. marina populations growing in different regions in Sri Lanka (Unawatuna, Mahamodara, Negombo, and Thalpe) was studied. Seedlings from seeds collected from these populations were grown under 0, 100, 1000, 2000, 10,000, and 20,000 ppm NaCl concentrations, following standard salinity tolerance test procedures. The plant performance was evaluated by measuring biomass, root: shoot ratio, height, growth rate, and chloride ion accumulation in leaves, stems, and roots. Finally, the performance of the V. marina populations was compared with two commercial varieties of Vigna radiata (MI6 and Ari), one of which was considered salt-tolerant. Key results – All seedlings showed reduced growth at 10,000 and 20,000 ppm NaCl concentrations. The Negombo population showed the highest total dry mass at 20,000 ppm, and seedlings from all populations survived at 20,000 ppm salt concentration, except those from the Mahamodara population. Overall, the Thalpe population performed best at 20,000 ppm. The highest salt accumulation was recorded in leaves and stems rather than in roots. Commercial V. radiata varieties did not survive the highest salt concentrations (10,000 and 20,000 ppm). Conclusion – Given that V. marina populations collected in different locations show considerable inter-populational variation in salinity tolerance, we recommend conserving multiple V. marina populations to cover the range in variability in salinity tolerance traits. Natural populations of V. marina exhibited better survival at high salinity levels as compared to the commercial salt-tolerant V. radiata varieties, highlighting the halophytic nature of V. marina, and its putative importance in developing Vigna varieties that can be cultivated in more saline conditions.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.146274

Authors: Piero G. Delprete, Jomar G. Jardim

Abstract: Background and aims – Single-stemmed plants 20–100 cm tall, with sessile or subsessile leaves in terminal rosettes gathering leaf litter, and axillary, 1–3-flowered inflorescence, from the state of Rio de Janeiro, southern Brazil, and from French Guiana, have traditionally been identified as Faramea tinguana. The disjunction of more than 3,200 km air distance between French Guiana and Rio de Janeiro stimulated an in-depth analysis of the specimens from those regions to evaluate if any morphological character might distinguish them. Material and methods – This study is based on examinations of herbarium specimens, material preserved in 60% ethanol, and field observations. Herbarium specimens were studied either on site or through loans from the CAY, CEPEC, G, G-DC, K, L, MO, NY, P, RB, U herbaria. Digital images of herbarium specimens were analysed through virtual herbaria. Traditional practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied. A preliminary conservation status assessment of each species studied was made using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Results – The names F. tinguana and F. megalophylla are here lectotypified, and are treated as synonymous. Numerous reproductive characters support a clear distinction between the specimens from Rio de Janeiro and those from French Guiana traditionally identified as F. tinguana. Hence, the two distant populations are here treated as two distinct species. Faramea humicapiens, endemic to French Guiana, is newly described, and F. tinguana is restricted to the state of Rio de Janeiro. Faramea humicapiens is evaluated as Vulnerable and F. tinguana as Critically Endangered. A discussion on Neotropical litter-gathering Rubiaceae is also presented.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.155517

Authors: Arthur Macedo, Marcelo Trovó, Tariq Stévart, João Farminhão

Abstract: Background and aims – Rhipidoglossum is the third most species-rich epiphytic orchid genus in continental Tropical Africa, containing at least 53 species. As part of an ongoing taxonomic revision, a new species endemic to the Western Rift Valley was identified. The novelty was previously confused with R. adoxum and R. globulosocalcaratum. Here, we aim to clarify the diagnostic traits and geographic distribution of these three species. Material and methods – We applied standard herbarium taxonomic practices to a geographically representative sampling of dry and spirit specimens identified as R. adoxum and R. globulosocalcaratum, and conducted a thorough review of regional floras and field photographs to compile all available information on the novelty. A synoptic table, distribution map, and the risk of extinction based on IUCN Red List conservation status accompany the description and illustration of this new species. Key results – Rhipidoglossum fischerianum sp. nov., R. globulosocalcaratum, and R. adoxum can be distinguished from each other based on stem size, leaf apex, perianth, and rostellum morphology. Rhipidoglossum fischerianum is endemic to the lower montane forests in the Western Rift, whereas R. globulosocalcaratum is restricted to the Guineo-Congolian forests, and newly recorded from Cameroon and Uganda. Rhipidoglossum adoxum is found in montane forests of Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Sudan. The new species is preliminarily assessed as Vulnerable (VU). The name R. globulosocalcaratum is here lectotypified. Conclusion – This new species increases the diversity of Rhipidoglossum in the Western Rift to 16 species, of which 10 are endemic or near-endemic to the region. It highlights the relevant role of ongoing taxonomic work and the preservation of the Western Rift forests, which harbour high levels of unique biodiversity.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.151630

Authors: Malaka Madhuranga Wijayasinghe, Kariyawasam Marthinna Gamage Gehan Jayasuriya, Savitri Gunatilleke, Nimal Gunatilleke, Jeffrey Walck

Abstract: Background and aims – Although viviparous seeds of mangrove species have traditionally been considered non-dormant, our previous study has shown that Aegiceras corniculatum, a crypto-vivipary species exhibits epicotyl dormancy. However, the kind of epicotyl dormancy in this species has not yet been explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to ascertain the kinds of epicotyl dormancy present in A. corniculatum. Material and methods – Mature fruits were collected in Sri Lanka. The effects of scarification, light, and temperature on root emergence and the effects of scarification, gibberellic acid (GA3), salinity, light, and root stability on shoot emergence were tested. In addition, the morphology and anatomy of the fruits in relation to shoot emergence and growth were documented. Key results – Under both light/dark and darkness, > 70% of non-scarified and scarified fruits had an emerged root within 30 days, and thus, we considered them non-dormant. Root emergence was dependent on temperature, with reduced root emergence at higher temperatures. In contrast, a substantial time delay occurred between root and shoot emergence. Environmental conditions influenced shoot emergence, with emergence slower (1) in low NaCl solutions than in high solutions, (2) in darkness than in light/dark, and (3) when fruits were laid horizontally on a substratum as compared to being planted vertically. When fruits were treated with GA3 or were scarified, the time delay between root and shoot emergence was shortened. Conclusion – Since fruits of A. corniculatum contain a fully developed embryo, we conclude that they exhibit epicotyl physiological dormancy (PD). Furthermore, we propose that this dormancy represents a new type of epicotyl PD, symbolized by the formula: Ccry(root)-C1bp(shoot), where “cry” depicts the crypto-viviparous nature of the radicle or the hypocotyl.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.142555

Authors: Hadassa Carolinny Soares de Oliveira, Márlon Carlos da Silva Cintra, Sinzinando Albuquerque-Lima, Swanni T. Alvarado, Edlley Max Pessoa

Abstract: Background and aims – Bats are the third most important animal pollinators in the Brazilian Caatinga seasonally dry forest, but little is known about the conservation status of the chiropterophilous plant species in this domain, and their main threats. The Scottian shortfall relates to deficits in assessments of IUCN conservation statuses. We aimed to evaluate the current conservation status of chiropterophilous species in the Caatinga, investigate the main changes in land use and land cover in the last years and their impacts on conservation of these species. Material and methods – We compiled a dataset and evaluated the extinction risk of 16 species following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria using the geographic range criterion. Analyses of reductions of natural vegetation were carried out using data from the project MapBiomas. Key results – Our results show that approximately 80% of the assessed species saw their conditions worsen in the last years. We verified that Dyckia viridiflora and Ipomoea vespertilia are categorized as Endangered and Stigmatodon limae is considered Vulnerable. The main sources of disturbances impacting these species according to land use are pastures and mosaics of land uses, but we highlight that urbanization is the second or third most important threat for all species. The three main threats affected the species differently. Although half of the species is assessed as Least Concern, all species had their suitable areas impacted by human activities.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.145707

Authors: María Guadalupe Maldonado-Borja, Rosa Cerros-Tlatilpa

Abstract: Background and aims – Struthanthus is a neotropical genus with 60 to 70 species, distributed from northern Mexico to Argentina. Eighteen species are reported in Mexico. During fieldwork to investigate Struthanthus in Mexico, a new species was collected in the state of Guerrero. We present a full description, distribution map, illustrations, and photographs of an unusual new Struthanthus species endemic to Guerrero, Mexico. Material and methods – This study is based on fieldwork, literature revision, and examination of herbarium material. Collected specimens were prepared for storage in the herbarium, analysed, measured, described, and photographed. Preliminary conservation assessment is based on spatial analyses following IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – We propose a new species of Struthanthus for Guerrero, Mexico, S. longipetiolatus. This species is only known from cloud forests, oak-pine forests, and oak forests in the province of Sierra Madre del Sur, in the state of Guerrero. A distribution map and an identification key are provided for S. longipetiolatus and its morphologically similar congeners in the region. Conclusion – The newly described species increases the number of Struthanthus species in Mexico to 19 and the number of endemic species to nine. This discovery underlines the need for continued botanical inventories and research on parasitic plants.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.140649

Authors: Rosana Romero, Luciano Pataro, Ana Flavia A. Versiane

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Microlicia consists of 286 taxa, 82 of which are found in Bahia, Brazil. This genus features pentamerous flowers, occasionally hexamerous to decamerous; a hypanthium with or without bristles, isomorphic to dimorphic androecium; tetrasporangiate or polysporangiate anthers; and pedoconnective prolonged below the theca with a ventral appendage. The ovary has a glabrous apex, and the fruit is capsular with either basipetal or acropetal dehiscence and a columella that can be persistent or deciduous. In this study, we describe three new species of Microlicia found in Bahia, Brazil, and provide a checklist of Microlicia species with yellow corollas. Material and methods – The morphological descriptions are based on examinations of the Microlicia collections housed in six herbaria. Along with the descriptions, we provide comparisons with morphologically similar species, a distribution map, conservation status assessments, and illustrations. Key results – We describe Microlicia aequalis, Microlicia eimeariana from Catolés, and Microlicia xanthopetala from Mucugê, Bahia, Brazil. We have preliminarily assigned these three species as Data Deficient (DD) according to IUCN Red List criteria.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.140559

Authors: Kamila Grzebielucka, Felipe Micali Nuvoloni, Rosângela Capuano Tardivo

Abstract: Background and aims – This study investigates the phenotypic plasticity of Wittrockia cyathiformis (Bromeliaceae), an endemic species of the Atlantic Rainforest, with the aim of evaluating its morphological variation in relation to different life forms and forest types, specifically Dense Ombrophilous Forest and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. Material and methods – Field collections were conducted in State Conservation Units and Campos Gerais National Park in Paraná during 2022 and 2023. We measured vegetative morphometric parameters of six to eight bromeliads for each life form (epiphytic, saxicolous, and terrestrial) in each forest type, totalling 43 specimens, with 22 from Dense Ombrophilous Forest and 21 from Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. Additionally, we assessed the national conservation status of the species in Brazil. Key results – The different forest types of the Atlantic Forest exert a greater influence on the phenotypic variation of W. cyathiformis than life forms, with only leaf sheath length being greater in epiphytes and smaller in terrestrials. On the other hand, significant variations in leaf morphometry, such as leaf width and spine size, were strongly associated with the bioclimatic conditions of each forest type. Specimens from Dense Ombrophilous Forest exhibit characteristics typical of species adapted to warm and humid environments, with broader leaves, whereas those from Mixed Ombrophilous Forest have narrower leaves and smaller spines. Conclusion – The different life forms of this species do not result in significant morphometric changes. However, its phenotypic plasticity is strongly influenced by the different forest types, which may favour adaptation to variable environmental conditions. Despite this adaptive capacity, W. cyathiformis is classified as endangered (EN) in its area of occupancy in Brazil. The ongoing habitat loss highlights the need for conservation measures to ensure the long-term persistence of its populations.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.144212

Authors: Simona Dumitrița Chirilă, Mihai Doroftei, Marian Mierlă

Abstract: Background and aims – Gymnospermium odessanum is a threatened plant species whose presence ranges from south to south-east in Romania. In this context, the study aims to ecological conditions and update the species distribution and identify the plant associations in which the species occurs. Material and methods – The species’ distribution was investigated for all the populations mentioned in the literature and other potential locations. Phytosociological relevés were collected in all locations in which the species is present. We applied Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering to compare the species composition of the plant communities and to identify the main clusters, which we assigned to phytosociological associations and EUNIS habitats. We compared environmental conditions among the identified vegetation units. Key results – The numerical analysis revealed five well-defined vegetation units, identified to five known associations. The associations in which G. odessanum was the most abundant were Artemisio austriacae-Poetum bulbosae and Gymnospermio odessani-Celtetum glabratae. The total number of individuals recorded in all locations is approximately 1107, with a density of 10 to 200 individuals/100 m2. Compared to the observations made in 2007 (2135 individuals), the number of individuals has decreased. The area occupied by the population tended to decrease as well. The population’s conservation status and changes in the range pattern of the habitat type are unfavourable-inadequate. Conclusion – In the two associations in which it was the most abundant, G. odessanum is limited to some locations in Dobrogea, where the occupied areas have been significantly reduced due to habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic impact, including overgrazing.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.125060

Authors: Bezawit Mekonnen, Landry Cizungu, Julio Alegre, Haben Blondeel, Emiel De Lombaerde, Hans Verbeeck, Luc Duchateau, Eddie Schrevens, Kris Verheyen, Pascal Boeckx, Pieter De Frenne

Abstract: Background and aims – Cinchona (Rubiaceae) tree bark is the key source of quinine alkaloids used as malaria treatment. Cinchona trees were introduced to Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in the early 20th century. Currently, the eastern DRC accounts for an estimated 55% of the global supply of quinine. The aim of this study is to obtain more insights into what context Cinchona is cultivated, what the scale of the farming and its management is, and how specific risks are being dealt with. Material and methods – Data was collected on Cinchona tree distribution, socio-economic variables, farm characteristics, and cultivation techniques based on interviews with 185 smallholder farmers in five regions (groupements) across the eastern DRC. Key results – Most Cinchona trees are grown at elevations between 1588 and 1627 m a.s.l. and most farmers preferred growing C. calisaya in a monoculture cultivation system, with in vivo propagation, and their own seed sources. Cassava was the dominant crop as previous cultivation and as a crop grown together with Cinchona. Eucalyptus was the dominant tree species grown together with Cinchona. Furthermore, most of the farmers apply a 1 × 1 m spacing and most do not use any additional fertilizer input. The most reported plant disease is linear canker. Conclusion – To sustainably increase the productivity of Cinchona in the DRC, smallholder farmers should be given appropriate training to empower them to carry out their own in vitro propagation and apply integrated soil fertility management and integrated pest management. Our results provide information on current cultivation of Cinchona in the DRC, which may become more important given the rising resistance of the malaria parasite against other medicines.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.133256

Authors: Bonaventure Sonké, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Ehoarn Bidault, Fernandez Ngoula, Xander M van der Burgt

Abstract: Background and aims – For some time now, the forests of the Sanaga basin in Cameroon have been threatened by the construction of numerous hydroelectric dams. In anticipation to this construction work, botanical surveys were carried out, resulting in the discovery of many species new to science. One of these certainly belongs to the genus Talbotiella in Leguminosae. Material and methods – This study is based on morphological observations on herbarium specimens, through detailed examination of 28 specimens of the new tree species as well as specimens of existing species of Talbotiella. Key results – Talbotiella couteronii is described and illustrated. The new species resembles Talbotiella batesii but has fewer leaflets, 5–10 pairs; an inflorescence usually with fewer flowers, 5–12; and flowers with longer pedicels, 10–20 mm long. Talbotiella couteronii is endemic to Cameroon, where it is restricted to the middle Sanaga basin in the Central Region and the Littoral Region. It occurs gregariously in periodically flooded riverine forests. Talbotiella couteronii is preliminarily assessed as Endangered following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. The genus Talbotiella now consists of 10 species; of which six species are endemic to Cameroon. A comparative table summarizes the main vegetative characteristics of the 10 species. This treatment also includes an update of the description of T. bakossiensis.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.122470

Authors: Gbèwonmèdéa Hospice Dassou, Gafarou Agoundé, Pathmos Akouété, Gnimansou Abraham Favi, Ghyslain Chabi Kpétikou, Kolawolé Valère Salako, Jéronime Marie-Ange Sènami Ouachinou, Judicael Makponsè, Amadou Malé Kouyaté, İdris Sari, Romain Lucas Glèlè Kakaï, Hounnankpon Yédomonhan, Aristide Cossi Adomou

Abstract: Background and aims – Climate change induces increasing temperatures and drought, with possible profound shifts in species’ presence and distribution. Ecological niche models are widely used to assess plant species responses to climate change. However, such data are scarce for West Africa, particularly for vulnerable multipurpose species. This study focuses on modelling the ecological niche and the conservation status of the multipurpose tree Detarium senegalense to improve insights into its habitat suitability in West Africa under past, present, and future climatic conditions. This will provide an essential basis for setting up global management plans through efficient conservation and ecological restoration policies. Material and methods – The potential distribution of D. senegalense under past, current, and future climate scenarios were assessed using four algorithms including generalized additive models (GAM), generalized linear models (GLM), random forest (RF), and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). We also assessed the shift direction of suitable habitats and the conservation status of the species based on IUCN criteria. Overall, 220 occurrences were combined with a set of five bioclimatic variables to run the models. Key results – Models performed well with good values of AUC (0.92) and TSS (0.73). Isothermality (41.10%) and Precipitation of Wettest Month (21.50%) contributed most to the distribution of the species. The distribution of D. senegalense was relatively constant from the past to the present but could decrease in the next decades. In the future, only 17.70% and 13.98% of the areas were predicted to be suitable under respectively ssp245 and ssp585. In protected areas, the suitable areas under ssp245 were estimated at 21.01% with a decrease of 2.50% and 14.60% with a decrease of 8.61% under ssp585 by 2050. The direction of the distribution shifted to the south-east under future climate scenarios. The conservation status assessment of the species is Least Concern (LC). Conclusion – This study improves our understanding of the past, present-day, and future distribution of the species and provides support to better manage the conservation of D. senegalense in West Africa.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.112250

Authors: Gerardo Manzanarez-Villasana, María C. Mandujano

Abstract: Background and aims – Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae) is one of the most diverse genera in the subfamily Opuntioideae, with approximately 220 species. The considerable morphological and anatomical diversity among these species has resulted in a remarkable adaptative plasticity, evident in both intra- and interspecific variability. Our study system is Opuntia streptacantha, which has two flower colour morphs: yellow and orange. The objective is to determine if there are morphological differences in the reproductive and vegetative structures between floral morphs. Material and methods – We measured 8 cladode traits (n = 20 cladodes for each floral morph) and 17 flower traits (n = 30 flowers per morph), and reproductive phenology was recorded for both morphs to describe their phenophases (n = 10 individuals per morph). Key results and conclusion – We found that floral colour morphs of O. streptacantha showed significant differences mostly associated with flower traits. Principal component analysis revealed seven components that explained 80% of the total variation, namely total flower length, number of stamens, distance between anther and stigma, number of pollen grains, style length, equatorial diameter of the ovarian chamber, pericarp width, and number of areole lines. Some individuals of O. tomentosa were classified as floral morphs of O. streptacantha, not having a clear separation between the species. The phenology of the floral colour morphs showed a slight lag in their peak flowering and fruiting. Very high flowering synchrony was found for each floral morph and between them. The modifications found in the flowers of O. streptacantha may be associated with a possible hybridization with O. tomentosa favouring the appearance of the two floral morphs.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.120167

Authors: Mike Opgenorth, Emily Sailing, Nina Rønsted, Dustin Wolkis

Abstract: Background and aims – Gardenia species are ecologically, culturally, and economically significant but the three native species of Gardenia in Hawai‘i are assessed as Critically Endangered. Seed banking is the most cost effective and efficient means of conserving plant material ex situ. To better understand the conservation physiology of Hawaiian and South Pacific Gardenia spp. and support their conservation, we asked 1) How do seeds respond to different temperatures and light and dark regimes? 2) What class of dormancy, if any, do seeds exhibit? 3) How does seed germinability respond over time in a seed bank? and 4) What is the conservation status and level of ex situ representation of Gardenia globally? Material and methods – To answer these questions, we used 19 accessions of fresh seeds and seeds stored for varying periods of time in the National Tropical Botanical Garden’s Conservation Seed Bank and Laboratory of Hawaiian (G. brighamii, G. remyi), New Caledonian (G. aubryi, G. oudiepe), and Tahitian (G. taitensis) species. Seeds were incubated at varying temperatures and in light, and in dark. Key results – We found that (1) seeds of all species tested germinated slowly and only at higher temperatures in the light and dark, (2) seeds have non-deep physiological dormancy, (3) seeds of the Hawaiian species are short lived at conventional seed bank conditions, and (4) only 40% of Gardenia spp. are represented in ex situ facilities, and 66% of the species have not been evaluated for the IUCN Red List. Conclusion – Seeds of Hawaiian Gardenia spp. are short lived in storage. Since seeds germinate in darkness, they are unlikely to form a persistent soil seedbank. Although seeds of all species tested are physiologically dormant, they can be easily propagated from seed at warmer temperatures, giving some hope to the conservation and restoration of the Critically Endangered Hawaiian species. Since our dataset was limited by a lack of continuous viability monitoring, we emphasize the need for initial germination testing and ongoing viability tests to better understand seed longevity. Lastly, we discuss the ecological relevance of our results in the context of the Hawaiian archipelago.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.117464

Authors: Mohamed Hamimeche, Errol Véla, François Gillet, Riadh Moulaï

Abstract: Background and aims – In spite of their proximity to the coasts, the flora of the islands and islets of the Algerian coasts has been poorly studied. This work is the first to provide an overall view of the richness and the determinants of the Algerian island flora. Material and methods – The study is based on a compilation of original floristic data. Two classifications of 30 islands and islets were derived from PCA and HCPC performed on the species occurrence matrix and on a matrix of flora descriptors including species richness, functional traits (life form, seed dispersal, pollination), and biogeographic range. We performed an RDA to explain the variation in flora characteristics by a set of physiographic (longitude, latitude, elevation, area, isolation, steepness index, and area/perimeter ratio) and biotic (seabird density and human presence) variables. Key results – The floristic inventory encompassed a total richness of 295 vascular plant taxa (including subspecies and varieties) on the 30 studied sites. Five main groups of islands and islets can be distinguished based on vegetation composition and three from flora descriptors. RDA model selection revealed that the combination of four variables (seabird density, area, latitude, and longitude) explained 26.6% of the variation in flora characteristics. Taken alone, the density of yellow-legged gull colonies and the island area were the main drivers of this variation. Results showed that floristic richness was associated with larger island area and higher seabird density, the importance of some plant functional traits, such as zoochory and entomogamy, and with a higher proportion of Eurasian holarctic species. Conclusion – In the context of island flora conservation, some of these small islands of Algeria can be considered as “modern refuges” from human pressures, and this is particularly important in the context of Mediterranean ecosystems characterised by a quasi-permanent human impact in various habitats. Two new important plant areas (IPAs) for Algeria are proposed following the results of these floristic inventories.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.116102

Authors: Christine Cocquyt, Jonathan C. Taylor

Abstract: Background and aims – Actinella species from Central Africa are only rarely reported. The acid waters from many stream and small rivers in the Congo Basin form a potential environment for species of this genus. We studied several samples from the region of Yangambi to confirm whether species belonging to this genus are present. Material and methods – Samples for diatom investigation were collected in several streams and small rivers (Moni, Ngima, and Libongo), in the tropical rainforest in the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve, Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The samples were prepared to obtain permanent microscope slides for light microscopy studies using standard methods and cleaned material for scanning electron microscopy. Key results – A novel Actinella was observed in the studied samples. The taxon was compared to other species such as A. disjuncta, A. lange-bertalotii, A. modesta, A. pereunotioides, and A. pseudohantzschia, although the new species morphologically resembles most A. eunotioides, a species discovered in the Amazon basin in Brazil, and A. eunotioides var. minor, described in 1966 from the Central African Republic. The taxon observed in our material differs from A. eunotioides mainly in the valve dimensions, being much smaller, and the higher density of the marginal spines. Stria density also tends to be coarser. The valve length of A. eunotioides var. minor, on the other hand, corresponds with the smallest valves of our taxon but the valves are narrower, with a higher stria density. The ventral margin is slightly convex, while in the new taxon it is slightly concave. Moreover, in the original description of A. eunotioides var. minor, the absence of spines is mentioned, while they are present on the valves in the materials we investigated. Based on the observed morphological differences, we consider the taxon recorded in the streams and small rivers in the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve distinct from A. eunotioides and its var. minor and subsequently, we describe Actinella kufferathiana as a species new to science.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.116544

Authors: Abraham E. van Wyk, Richard G.C. Boon

Abstract: Background and aims – The species name Gymnosporia filiformis, validly published in a 1927 revision of South African Celastraceae, was based on syntypes representing both Maytenus cordata and a new species. Subsequent studies supported the distinction of Gymnosporia and Maytenus as separate genera. From 1984, this new species was provisionally referred to by the designation “Maytenus sp. A”. Maytenus in Africa comprises a diverse group of species not closely related to the New World members of Maytenus. Here, we clarify the taxonomic identity and generic placement of G. filiformis, and compare it with species with which it has historically been confused. Material and methods – Descriptions and observations are based on extensive field work, supported by conventional taxonomic methods, including study of relevant literature and herbarium collections. Key results – The name Gymnosporia filiformis is lectotypified using a syntype representing “Maytenus sp. A”. We describe a new monotypic genus, Marijordaania, to accommodate “Maytenus sp. A”, and propose the new combination, Marijordaania filiformis. An amended description is provided for the species. It is morphologically quite different from Maytenus cordata, but also from Maytenus acuminata and Maytenus abbottii, species with which it has been confused in the past. Marijordaania filiformis grows in the understorey of evergreen Scarp Forest and is relatively rare, known with certainty only from KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape provinces, South Africa. A preliminary conservation assessment suggests that M. filiformis should be classified as Endangered. Conclusion – Marijordaania filiformis is a taxonomically isolated species with no apparent close relatives among African Celastraceae. While the generic status of other African members of Maytenus still needs to be resolved, it would not impact the taxonomic status of Marijordaania. In a recent key for Celastraceae genera based on morphology and geography, M. filiformis ran to the genus Euonymus, but this association lacks support from available molecular evidence.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.104640

Authors: L. Marie Ende, Lukas Hummel, Marianne Lauerer

Abstract: Background and aims – The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) is being grown in Germany as a promising new bioenergy crop with an increasing area under cultivation in the last years. Its alien status, its high productivity, and high reproductive potential could carry the risk of this species becoming invasive. The present study investigates the dispersal and persistence of cup plant seeds, to contribute to the assessment of its invasive potential. Material and methods – For this purpose, four experimental studies were conducted in Germany, Central Europe: wind dispersal distance was measured in a field experiment for wind speeds up to 7 m.s-1. The seeds were offered to rodents in different habitats near to a cup plant field. We observed seed persistence and germination over 4 weeks storing in water and over 4 years storing in different soil depths. Key results – Cup plant seeds are dispersed by wind only over a few meters. In the forest, rodents removed 100% of the offered seeds, in open habitats none. Independent of the duration of storage in water, germination rate of the cup plant seeds was constantly high. Most of the seeds already germinated in water in the first two weeks. Stored on the soil surface and at 10 cm soil depth, the seeds germinated already in the first two years. Stored at 30 cm depth, one third of the seeds retained their germination ability over four years. Conclusion – Wind serves as short-distance dispersal vector for cup plant seeds. Rodents remove the seeds, but it is unknown whether they disperse them or just eat them. Water could disperse the seeds, which retain their germination ability, over long distances. The cup plant could therefore spread and possibly become invasive in Central Europe, and therefore measures are suggested to prevent its dispersal and spontaneous settlement.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.111539

Authors: Ellen Heimpel, Antje Ahrends, Kyle G. Dexter, Jefferson S. Hall, Josérald Mamboueni, Vincent P. Medjibe, David Morgan, Crickette Sanz, David J. Harris

Abstract: Background and aims – The forests of the Congo Basin contain high levels of biodiversity, and are globally important for carbon storage. In order to design effective conservation strategies, and to accurately model carbon stocks, a fine-scale understanding of the different forest types that make up this forest block is needed. Monodominant Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest covers large areas of the Congo Basin, but it is currently unclear whether it is sufficiently distinct from adjacent mixed terre firme forest to warrant separate treatment for conservation planning and carbon calculations. This study aimed to compare the structure and diversity of monodominant and mixed forest, and ask whether there is a unique vascular plant community associated with G. dewevrei forest. Material and methods – We utilised a combination of plot data and herbarium specimens collected in the Sangha Trinational (a network of protect areas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, and the Republic of Congo). Plot inventories were used to compare G. dewevrei forest and mixed forest for stem density, basal area, above ground biomass, stem size distribution, species diversity, and species composition. In addition, a database of 3,557 herbarium specimens was used to identify species of vascular plant that are associated with G. dewevrei forest. Key results – Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest is distinct in both structure and species composition from mixed forest. Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest has a lower stem number (of trees ≥ 10 cm), but a greater proportion of larger trees (> 70 cm), suggesting higher carbon stocks. The species composition is distinct from mixed forest, with 56 species of vascular plant significantly associated with G. dewevrei forest. Conclusion – Monodominant G. dewevrei forest in the Sangha Trinational is both compositionally and structurally distinct from mixed forest. We therefore recommend this forest type be considered separately from mixed forest for conservation planning and carbon stock calculations.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.108472

Authors: Alejandra Flores-Argüelles, Rodrigo Alejandro Hernández-Cárdenas, Santiago Rosales-Martínez, Adolfo Espejo-Serna, Ana Rosa López-Ferrari, Andrew Siekkinen

Abstract: Backgrounds and aims – The genus Hechtia (sensu lato) is distributed from the southern United States to northern Central America and includes 95 species. Recent botanical explorations, carried out in the Colima and Jalisco states in search of H. reticulata, led to the discovery of two new species. The aims of this work were to complete the morphological description of H. reticulata and describe these two new species. Material and methods – This study was based on fieldwork and on the revision of literature, protologues, type material, and herbarium specimens. The specimens collected were prepared for storage in the herbarium, analysed, measured, and descriptions were made; measurements were taken from dried specimens. Due to their morphological similarities and the closeness of their populations, the proposed species are compared with H. reticulata. Key results – We propose two new species of Hechtia for Mexico (H. costalegrensis and H. pacifica); an epitype and a complete description of H. reticulata are also provided. The diagnostic characters and morphological affinities of the new species are discussed, including complete morphological descriptions and images; a comparative table is presented, showing the morphological differences between the new species and H. reticulata. A distribution map of the taxa described here and of H. reticulata is included, as well as an identification key and a list of examined specimens of all Hechtia species known to date from Colima and Jalisco.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.101827

Authors: Rivoharifara Randrianarimanana, France Rakotondrainibe, Elodie Boucheron-Dubuisson, Lovanomenjanahary Marline, Mijoro Rakotoarinivo, Catherine Reeb

Abstract: Background and aims – In contrast to the flowering plants, the pteridophyte flora of Madagascar is still understudied. While several studies have been published on the eastern and central parts of the island, there are currently few works dedicated to the pteridophytes of southwestern Madagascar. The aim of this work is to increase the knowledge of the pteridophyte flora of the Isalo massif in southwestern Madagascar. It presents a checklist of Isalo’s pteridophytes and an analysis of the diversity and distribution patterns of pteridophyte communities across ecological gradients in the eastern canyons of Isalo. Material and methods – Eighty plots were placed in six canyons. In each plot, pteridophyte species abundance was inventoried, as well as several ecological and geomorphological variables. A census in the field and observations on specimens in herbaria were carried to make a checklist of all the pteridophyte species known for Isalo. Statistical analysis was carried out to understand the pteridophyte diversity and distribution patterns in the Isalo’s canyons: (1) exploratory analysis (FAMD and HCPC) highlights the general patterns of ecological gradients, (2) a rarefaction curve was used to compare species diversity, and (3) co-inertia analysis investigated the relationship between ecological gradient and pteridophyte communities. Key results – In total, 60 species of ferns and lycophytes have been recorded in the massif, including ten endemic species to Madagascar and 11 species reported for the first time in the Isalo massif. Species diversity is especially high in the northern canyons (Anjofo, Andramanero, Antsifotra) in contrast to the middle (Maki and Rats) and southern (Namaza) canyons. Fern distribution patterns were correlated to a combination of environmental factors, highlighting species-specific ecological preferences.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.107313

Authors: João Farminhão, Phillip J. Cribb

Abstract: Background and aims – A preliminary review of hawkmoth-pollinated angraecoids from Africa unveiled a remarkable case of parallel evolution of extreme column exsertion between the two species formerly classified in in the defunct genus Barombia. These belong to one clade of Aerangis, including A. gracillima and A. stelligera, and Ypsilopus sect. Barombiella, including Y. amaniensis and Y. schliebenii. The exploration of the geographical distribution of these two clades, followed by an examination of morphological variation within Y. sect. Barombiella, revealed that the disjunct population identified as Y. amaniensis from Zimbabwe represents an undescribed species. Material and methods – Occurrence records of Ypsilopus amaniensis, Y. schliebenii, Aerangis gracillima, and A. stelligera were comprehensively mapped and distribution patterns were visually analysed. Pollination syndromes and pollinaria attachment sites were inferred based on a review of floral and hawkmoth morphology. Standard herbarium practices and mining of photographs of wild and cultivated plants in social media allowed the description of the novelty. Key results – Ypsilopus zimbabweensis sp. nov. (Y. sect. Barombiella) is a narrow endemic of significant horticultural interest and it is preliminarily assessed as Endangered. The evolution of a Barombia-type column presents a parallel geographical pattern in the Aerangis gracillima–A. stelligera clade and Ypsilopus sect. Barombiella and probably induced a shift of pollen placement sites in these sphingophilous species.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.106696

Authors: Marie Claire Veranso-Libalah, Chen Luo, Ehoarn Bidault

Abstract: Background and aims – Within angiosperms, vivipary has been reported in less than 0.1% of all species. We herein report the first occurrence of vivipary in an Afrotropical Melastomataceae and discuss its phylogenetic position, habit, habitat, and fruit attributes. Material and methods – Observational data were gathered from a field expedition to Gabon, and from herbarium specimens from BR, BRLU, P, and WAG. A phylogeny was generated to map all the eight species exhibiting vivipary in Melastomataceae. Key results – Amphiblemma ciliatum is currently the only known melastome species in the Afrotropics exhibiting vivipary. It is likely that its angular capsules depend on rainwater for seed dispersal. Conclusion – The combination of a herbaceous habit and angular fruits with the occurrence on shaded humid tropical rainforest floor during periods of incessant rainfall and high humidity might be responsible for vivipary in most Melastomataceae.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95601

Authors: Antonio Campos-Rocha, Alan William Meerow, Mauro Peixoto, Ingrid Koch, Patrícia Aparecida Messias, Julie Henriette Antoinette Dutilh

Abstract: Background and aims – The Atlantic Forest is among the five most important biodiversity hotspots in the world, harbouring one of the highest levels of endemism and species richness in the tropics. The region has been suggested as a centre of diversity for the genus Hippeastrum, which comprises about one hundred species distributed throughout the Neotropics. Due to its large and showy flowers, the genus is highly sought after by collectors and horticulturists around the world, with hundreds of hybrids produced and traded for centuries. However, most of its species are still known from only one or a few populations, and several are officially recognized as endangered. Monographic studies on the genus Hippeastrum in Brazil have revealed two likely microendemic new species from the Atlantic Forest. Material and methods – The morphological descriptions of the new species are based on herbarium specimens and cultivated plants, as well as in situ observations. Descriptions and measures were taken following standard procedures. Preliminary conservation assessments followed IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – Both species show typical morphology of the subgenus Hippeastrum, in which they should be placed. They can be distinguished from similar taxa, including some of the most widely distributed and known species of the genus, by several floral characters. Data on ecology, conservation, and photographs and illustrations are provided, as well as comparisons with related species. An identification key to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest species of Hippeastrum is provided, accompanied by photographs of these species in their natural habitats. Conclusion – The new species are considered critically endangered due to their single known location and small population size. The findings reinforce the need for continued sampling across different regions of the Atlantic Forest, as well as the importance of systematic studies conducted by specialist taxonomists.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85589

Authors: Toral Shah, Fandey H. Mashimba, Haji. O. Suleiman, Yahya S. Mbailwa, Vincent Savolainen, Isabel Larridon, Iain Darbyshire

Abstract: Background and aims – Ochna holstii and its allies represent an ecologically important group in a variety of lowland to montane habitats in tropical eastern and southern Africa. Identifying and delimiting species within this group has proved challenging due to a lack of variation in morphological characters. We combine genomic-scale data of multiple accessions per species with morphological data to generate a taxonomic revision for the Ochna holstii complex using a multi-evidence approach. Material and methods – A total of 50 samples representing eight species were analysed using target enrichment and a custom bait kit. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the multi-species coalescent model and a concatenation maximum likelihood method, and gene tree discordance was investigated. Herbarium specimens of the O. holstii complex were studied in detail for informative morphological characters, supplemented where possible from field collections, and a full taxonomic revision is provided. Key results – Within Ochna sect. Schizanthera Clade I, our study confirms that all species are monophyletic and supported by morphological data with the exception of O. holstii, which is paraphyletic. A new species, O. mchanga, previously confused with O. polyneura, is described, and the placement of another recently described species, O. maguirei, is confirmed for the first time using molecular data. Conclusion – The widespread montane tree Ochna holstii is non-monophyletic in its current circumscription and likely gave rise to the more range-restricted O. oxyphylla and O. stolzii. We suggest that an integrated taxonomy approach, using both molecular and morphological data, is essential for deciphering difficult species relationships in Ochna.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.102004

Authors: Alejandro Quintanar, Bonaventure Sonké, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Patricia Barberá, Moses Libalah, David J. Harris

Abstract: Background and aims – Specimens of a new tree species in the genus Drypetes (Putranjivaceae) distributed in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria, D. stevartii, were associated with D. verrucosa, another tree species endemic to Gabon, due to its warty fruits and to the overall morphological resemblances of both species. Material and methods – The present study is based on the study of 20 gatherings of D. verrucosa and 26 gatherings of D. stevartii. Morphological observations on herbarium specimens belonging to the new species and D. verrucosa were carried out in order to describe them. Key results – This treatment includes the detailed descriptions of these two species, the typification of their names, a comparative table summarizing their main morphological differences, an identification key, photographs of both, as well as information about their distribution, habitat, and phenology. Preliminary IUCN Red List assessments show that both D. verrucosa and D. stevartii are ‘Near Threatened’ species.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.96359

Authors: Ehoarn Bidault, Archange Boupoya, Davy U. Ikabanga, Igor Nguimbit, Nicolas Texier, Rolf Rutishauser, Attila Mesterházy, Tariq Stévart

Abstract: Background and aims – Podostemaceae is a family of strictly aquatic plants found in rapids and waterfalls. Despite a recent treatment in the Flore du Gabon, the family remained poorly known, with no major studies including Gabonese collections, and almost no targeted inventories since 1966. We present the first large-scale inventory of this family in Gabon, targeting Podostemaceae throughout the country, providing new additions to the flora of Gabon and many new records of poorly known species. Material and methods – Fieldwork was conducted in Gabon between 2017 and 2021. The collected specimens were primarily preserved in ethanol with associated silica gel-preserved material and photographs. Material available at BR, BRLU, LBV, MO, P, WAG, and Z/ZT was examined. For each species, information on distribution and ecology is presented, as well as a distribution map in Gabon. Key results – The 500 newly collected specimens represent 91.4% of all known collections of Podostemaceae from Gabon. Three taxa are newly recorded for the country, including one genus (Inversodicraea tenax, Ledermanniella schlechteri, and Saxicolella nana). New distribution records are also presented for 13 little-known species. Four taxa are excluded from the Gabonese flora (the genus Dicraeanthus, Inversodicraea ledermannii, Ledermanniella sanagaensis, and Macropodiella garrettii). To date, 20 species belonging to five different genera are known to occur in Gabon. A new combination is proposed for Ledermanniella nicolasii, and Inversodicraea tanzaniensis is now considered as a synonym of Inversodicraea tenax.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95929

Authors: Federico Selvi, Giandiego Campetella, Roberto Canullo, Stefano Chelli, Gianniantonio Domina, Emmanuele Farris, Cristina Gasperini, Leonardo Rosati, Camilla Wellstein, Elisa Carrari

Abstract: Background and aims – Forests are among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide, and endemic plants are often a vulnerable component of the flora of a given territory. So far, however, understory forest endemics of southern Europe have received little attention and are poorly known for several aspects. Material and methods – We developed the first list of native vascular plants that are restricted to Italian forests. Available information on taxonomy, regional distribution, ecology, biology, functional traits, and conservation status was collected for each taxon, allowing to identify major knowledge gaps and calculate baseline statistics. Key results – The list includes 134 taxa, most of which are linked to closed-canopy forest habitats, while the others are also found in margins and gaps. The forest and non-forest Italian endemic flora differed in terms of taxonomic and life-form distribution. The rate and density of forest endemism increased with decreasing latitude and were highest in Sicily, Calabria, and Basilicata, where paleoendemic mono- or oligotypic genera also occur. Endemic phanerophytes were especially numerous on islands. Beech and deciduous oak forests were the most important habitats, but hygrophilous woodlands also host numerous endemics. Overall, the ecology, biology, and functional traits of the forest endemic taxa are still poorly known. The ratio diploids/polyploids was highest in the south and on the islands. Almost 24% of the taxa were assessed as “Critically Endangered”, “Endangered”, or “Vulnerable”, and 24% were categorized as “Data Deficient”, based on the IUCN system. Increasing frequency and intensity of fires was the most frequent threat. Conclusions – This work can contribute to implement the European forest plant species list and serve as a basis for further research on a unique biological heritage of the continent. However, more knowledge about these globally rare taxa is needed, to support their conservation in changing forest landscapes.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.89764

Authors: Alejandro Torres-Montúfar, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Heriberto Ávila-González, Arturo Castro-Castro, Helga Ochoterena

Abstract: Background and aims – Ongoing studies on Mexican Rubiaceae revealed an undescribed species of Coutaportla endemic to the Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests in the state of Sinaloa, near the border with Durango, Mexico. The species is here described and illustrated, and its morphological characters are compared with those of the other species in the genus. Material and methods – This study is based on field observations, examination of herbarium specimens including digital images, and morphological studies based on samples from dried and spirit specimens. Key results – The morphological comparison of taxonomically important characters among the species of Coutaportla reveals conditions that were previously not reported for the genus. The placentation and ovule number of C. lorenceana, which belongs in the Portlandia complex, is comparable to that in the Chiococceae tribe. This tribe was proposed to include the latter complex based on molecular data, but the classification was controversial according to the morphology. Coutaportla lorenceana hence provides a morphological link between the Portlandia complex and the taxa traditionally placed in Chiococceae. The new species is assessed as Critically Endangered following the IUCN Red List criteria.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95130

Authors: Fabrício Moreira Ferreira, Reyjane P. Oliveira, Lynn G. Clark, Cassiano A. Dorneles Welker

Abstract: Background and aims – Parianella is a relatively recently described genus of the subtribe Parianinae (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae) that includes two species, and it is supposedly endemic to the Bahian Coastal Forests in the central region of Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate a new species of the genus, comparing it with the other species of Parianella. We also provide an updated distribution map of the genus and the conservation status of the new taxon. Material and methods – This study was based on the analysis of herbarium specimens and a literature review. The conservation assessment is based on field observations and spatial analyses, following IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – During a review of the Poaceae collection of the MBML Herbarium, two Parianinae specimens with interesting features were found. A detailed morphological analysis revealed that these specimens belong to a new species of Parianella. The new taxon was collected in two localities in the southern portion of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, one in the municipality of Santa Leopoldina and the other in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, municipality of Cariacica. Both localities are situated in the Krenák-Waitaká Forests, one of the three subregions of the central Atlantic Forest region, and an area of great floristic diversity, including bamboo species. Conclusion – Parianella capixaba represents the southernmost distribution of the genus known to date. With the description of this new species, the total number of bamboos in Espírito Santo state rises to 52 species in 18 genera.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85017

Authors: Salvator Ntore, Franck Theeten, Jacques Nkengurutse, Joël Ndayishimiye, Marc S. M. Sosef

Abstract: Background and aims – The vascular plant diversity of Burundi is still insufficiently explored, described, and understood. The goal of this paper is to show the degree of botanical exploration and the spatial patterns of botanical diversity in Burundi to date. Material and methods – The study is based on a dataset containing virtually all plant collections, observed in herbaria, recorded in databases, or cited in literature, made in Burundi. All data were compiled, cleaned, and each record georeferenced. Various distribution analyses were carried out, some of which were based on a grid of 199 hexagonal cells. Key results – The dataset comprises 37,200 herbarium collections representing 3,860 species grouped in 1,290 genera and 216 families. The expected species richness is estimated at 4,869. The average number of collections per species is 8.8, but 1,149 species (27%) are sampled only once. The seven most species-rich families are Fabaceae (539 spp.), Poaceae (387), Asteraceae (298), Orchidaceae (286), Cyperaceae (272), Rubiaceae (227), and Acanthaceae (128), which together account for over 50% of the vascular plant flora of Burundi. The seven largest genera are Cyperus (90 spp.), Crotalaria (60), Indigofera (50), Polystachya (48), Habenaria (47), Vernonia (45), and Eragrostis (41). In terms of number of herbarium collections, the six most important families are Poaceae (4,754 collections), Fabaceae (4,300), Asteraceae (2,226), Rubiaceae (2,191), Cyperaceae (1,730), and Lamiaceae (1,275). The four areas most intensively explored and with the highest known species diversity are the Rusizi plain, the Kibira rain forest belonging to the Albertine Rift, the Bururi and Rumonge areas in the west, and the Mosso depression in the east. Conclusion – With a collecting index of 133 collections per 100 km2, the botanical exploration of Burundi can be considered as relatively good. However, 28% of the species are only represented by a single record and some 1,000 species are potentially present but have remained uncollected to date. For every 100 new collections, there are on average 6 new species records, indicating that Burundi’s inventory is still not complete.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.91373

Authors: Arthur F. Boom, Jérémy Migliore, Esra Kaymak, Pierre Meerts, Olivier J. Hardy

Abstract: Background and aims – Brachystegia is a species-rich tree genus found in tropical Africa and a typical element of Miombo woodlands, a widely distributed subtype of the Zambezian savanna. Plastid DNA was shown to be largely uninformative to assess species phylogenetic relationships due to widespread chloroplast capture among species. Here, we aim to assess the capacity of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to clarify the phylogeny of Brachystegia species while accounting for intra-individual site polymorphisms (2ISPs), which are often present in rDNA and potentially phylogenetically informative. Material and methods – Genome skimming sequencing on 47 samples representing 27 of the 29 currently recognized Brachystegia species, allowed us to retrieve complete nuclear ribosomal cistrons encoding for 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNA genes (35S rDNA). We reconstructed the Brachystegia phylogeny using Maximum Likelihood methods based on the standard substitution model or integrating 2ISPs (GENOTYPE implementation in RAxML-NG). We additionally tested the effect of partitioning the data (one partition for rDNA genes and one for the ITS1+ITS2). We also conducted network inferences (Neighbor-Net splits graph), as a strict bifurcative approach might not properly model topological uncertainty at shallow phylogenetic depth. Key results – 2ISPs-aware and standard phylogenetic reconstructions are largely congruent. We identified several well-supported main clades clarifying the species relationships, including two clades of Miombo woodlands species. Miombo Group A includes species with ovoid to globose axillary dormant buds, while Miombo Group B species have flattened ones. Two morphologically close Brachystegia species (B. kennedyi and B. leonensis) found in Guineo-Congolian rain forests form also a robustly supported clade. 2ISPs coding allowed to identify an additional Guineo-Congolian clade (B. eurycoma and B. nigerica). Ribosomal DNA therefore proves more useful to explore the generic phylogeny than plastid DNA but the species relationships within and among the main clades remain poorly resolved, probably due to recent diversification and/or recurrent hybridization, so that the diversification of Brachystegia remains to be more properly characterised. Conclusion – Nuclear and plastid phylogenetic reconstructions of Brachystegia species are discordant. Even if not well-resolved, rDNA phylograms and networks are characterized by taxonomic sorting, while we observe a strictly geographic sorting in the plastid dataset. Most of the species’ relationships remain to be characterized using additional nuclear markers combined with in-depth morphological investigations.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.89394

Authors: Salvatora Nsenga Nkulu, Pierre Meerts, Edouard Ilunga wa Ilunga, Mylor Ngoy Shutcha, David Bauman

Abstract: Background and aims – Sustainable management of the medicinal plant resources provided by tropical forests is of utmost importance to human populations in developing countries. Trees and shrubs of the genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) are of great medicinal importance in Haut-Katanga (SE D.R. Congo), frequently used to treat tropical diseases. However, the security of supply is threatened, particularly by urban sprawl and mining. A conservation strategy for medicinal plants is urgently needed. In this context, we try to better understand the ecological factors (mostly soil) explaining the distribution of three medicinal species of Vitex (Lamiaceae) (V. fischeri, V. madiensis, and V. mombassae) that co-occur in the tropical dry woodlands in the region of Lubumbashi. Material and methods – In 114 plots (10 m radius), comprising at least one species of Vitex, all woody species with a DBH ≥ 10 cm were inventoried and soil samples were collected. Multivariate Regression Trees (MRT) combined with indicator species index IndVal and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to characterise habitats and woody plant communities associated to each Vitex species and to explain the variability of plant community composition. Key results – Four habitats were identified, and the three Vitex species differ significantly in ecological range. Vitex fischeri is a specialist of a most distinctive community on high Mg and low Al soil (termite mounds). Vitex mombassae is indicative of one habitat, corresponding to low altitude (< 1230 m) plots. Vitex madiensis has a broader range, being a generalist of all habitats except termite mounds. Conclusion – These results emphasise the importance of a detailed knowledge of species ecology to design species-specific conservation strategies, even for congeneric species occurring in sympatry in the same landscape.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.85954

Authors: Gretchen M. Walters, Diosdado Nguema, Raoul Niangadouma

Abstract: Background and aims – Old-growth savannas in Africa are impacted by fire, have endemic and geoxylic suffrutices, and are understudied. This paper explores the Parc National des Plateaux Batéké (PNPB) in Gabon and the impact of fire on its flora to understand if it is an old-growth savanna. It presents 1) a vascular plant checklist, including endemic species and geoxylic suffrutices and 2) an analysis of the impact of fire on the savanna herbaceous flora, followed by recommendations for fire management to promote plant diversity. Material and methods – 1,914 botanical collections from 2001–2019 collected by the authors and others were extracted from two herbaria databases in 2021 to create the checklist. The impact of fire was explored through a three season plot-based inventory of plant species (notably forbs and geoxylic suffrutices) in five annually, dry-season burned study areas located at 600 m in elevation. A two-factor ANOVA was conducted across two burn treatments and three season treatments. Key results – The area has a vascular flora of 615 taxa. Seven species are endemic to the Plateaux Batéké forest-savanna mosaic. Seventeen species are fire-dependent geoxylic suffrutices, attesting to the ancient origins of these savannas. Burning promotes fire-dependent species. Conclusion – The PNPB aims to create a culturally-adapted fire management plan. The combination of customary fire and fire-adapted species in the savanna creates a unique ancient forest-savanna mosaic in Central Africa that merits protection while recognising the role that the Batéké-Alima people have in shaping and governing this landscape.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2020.1682

Authors: Colleen Friday, John Scasta

Abstract: Background and aims – Native American reservations in the United States provide biodiversity critical for conservation and ecosystem functions. Unfortunately, botanical inventories are less common for reservations than other land jurisdictions. Such ecological importance and needs are apparent for the Wind River Indian Reservation (WRIR), the 7th largest reservation in the US (>890,000 ha) that is shared by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho.Material and methods – A botanical study for two WRIR high-elevation basins (Saint Lawrence Basin (SLB) and Paradise Basin (PB)) to (1) reconcile a 1960 plant list, and (2) quantify plant communities ecologically was conducted. In 2017, 106 monitoring sites were established to quantify species presence. Across basins, 231 total vascular plant taxa (221 to species and 10 to genus) were identified, or > 3× more plant species than noted in the 1960 list. In SLB, 222 plant taxa (213 to species and 9 to genus) were identified and in PB 98 plant taxa (90 to species and 8 to genus) were identified. In 2018, sites were re-sampled to quantify species abundance, soil pH, organic matter, soil nutrients, CEC, salts, and texture. Key results – Slope and elevation explained species distributions in the topography ordination and soil organic matter, pH, texture, P, and K explained species distributions in the soil ordination. Eleven exotic species, and one rare endemic species were documented with implications for empowering tribal management. Using a classification approach followed by an indicator species analysis and fidelity (Phi) assessment, we identified 14 unique plant communities and related these to 6 alliances and 7 associations across 6 macrogroups from the US National Vegetation Classification database. These indicator species of communities included sedges (Carex aquatilus), grasses (Pseudoroegneria spicata, Elymus elymoides, Achnatherum lettermanii, Elymus trachycaulus subsp. trachycaulus, Poa glauca subsp. rupicola), forbs (Polygonum bistortoides, Balsamorhiza incana, Castilleja flava), shrubs (Artemisia tridentata, Betula glandulosa, Dasiphora fruticosa subsp. floribunda) and trees (Pinus contorta).Conclusion – The plant taxa, plant communities, and ecological drivers documented in this study will enhance tribal and federal monitoring of these high-elevation WRIR basins.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.2018.1423

Authors: Alex Baumel, Pascal Mirleau, Juan Viruel, Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat, Stefano La Malfa, Lahcen Ouahmane, Katia Diadema, Marwa Moakhar, Hervé Sanguin, Frédéric Médail

Abstract: Background and aims – The thermophilous woodlands of the Mediterranean region constitute reservoirs of genetic resources for several fruit trees. Among them, the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) is a key component of traditional Mediterranean agroecosystems but its ecology was never assessed at the scale of its whole distribution area. Fortunately, phytosociological literature shelters invaluable resources for several issues in conservation, among them the possibility to analyse plant biodiversity at regional or continental scale. Here, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of the phytosociological literature associated to carob tree. Methods – We collected 1542 floristic relevés performed in 18 geographical areas distributed around the Mediterranean in which the presence of C. siliqua was recorded. Species composition of the plant communities was analysed by multivariate ordination and hierarchical classification, and species diversity was evaluated by rarefaction and prediction analyses of Hill numbers. Key results – Multivariate analyses revealed that plant communities associated with the carob tree are well differentiated between the Western and Eastern basins. A wider range of floristic differentiation is revealed in the Western basin where the vegetation reaches its maximal heterogeneity. By comparison, in the Eastern basin the plant assemblages associated with the carob tree are more homogeneous and with a lower species richness but a higher Simpson diversity. Conclusions – The large ecological range of the Mediterranean carob trees is potentially an important evolutionary legacy for the conservation of genetic resources and seed sourcing for new uses such as restoration ecology.

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