DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.187671

Authors: Amadeu Manoel dos Santos-Neto, Jean Carlos Santos

Abstract: Background and aims – Flowering phenology is a key niche axis structuring plant communities by influencing reproductive success, plant-pollinator interactions, and species coexistence. However, how flowering timing interacts with pollinator niches and evolutionary constraints remains poorly understood in stressful Neotropical ecosystems such as Restingas. We investigated whether flowering phenology and pollinator niches are evolutionarily coupled or decoupled in a coastal herbaceous community. Material and methods – We monitored flowering phenology weekly for one year in a Restinga herbaceous community in Sergipe, northeastern Brazil, comprising 15 species from 10 families. We quantified temporal flowering patterns, tested climatic drivers of flowering richness, characterized plant-pollinator interaction networks, and evaluated phylogenetic signal in flowering phenology and pollinator niches using comparative methods. Key results – Flowering occurred continuously throughout the year but showed non-random temporal synchrony at the community level, with a flowering peak during the dry season. Flowering richness was best explained by lagged temperature four months prior and photoperiod, indicating delayed climatic control. Species with yellow flowers exhibited significantly aggregated flowering times. The plant-pollinator network was highly specialized and nested, dominated by a few generalist pollinators, including Xylocopa cearensis, Synoeca cyanea, and Eurema elathea. Flowering phenology exhibited strong phylogenetic signal, with closely related species flowering at similar times, whereas pollinator niches showed no phylogenetic structure and were not predicted by temporal flowering overlap. Importantly, neither floral traits nor temporal overlap in flowering explained variation in pollinator assemblage composition, indicating a decoupling between flowering phenology and realized pollinator niches. Conclusion – Our results reveal a decoupling between evolutionarily conserved flowering phenology and ecologically flexible pollinator interactions. This decoupling promotes species coexistence in Neotropical Restinga herbaceous communities by ensuring temporal continuity of floral resources while allowing niche partitioning through variable biotic interactions.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.185741

Authors: Kaio C.M. da Cunha, Flávia M. Durgante, Laura L. Rivera-Parada, Itamara G. da Gama, Glaucileide Ferreira, Semirian C. Amoêdo, Caroline C. Vasconcelos

Abstract: Background and aims – Understanding the distribution of Amazonian tree species is hindered by sparse occurrence data and strong environmental heterogeneity. Species with wide geographic ranges but restricted habitat occupancy challenge climate-only explanations of distribution patterns. Here, we investigate the environmental drivers shaping the distribution of Ragala ucuquirana-branca (Sapotaceae) and the environmental filters constraining its realized distribution. Material and methods – We compiled 72 occurrence records from herbarium specimens and forest monitoring plots across the Amazon Basin. Species distribution models were developed using an ensemble framework integrating climatic, edaphic, topographic, and land cover variables across multiple algorithms. Model performance was evaluated using threshold-independent and threshold-dependent metrics, and habitat suitability was projected across the Amazon Basin. Key results – Model performance was consistently high, indicating robust discrimination between suitable and unsuitable environments. Soil-related predictors collectively accounted for the largest share of model importance, exceeding climatic and other environmental variables. Soil pH in water emerged as the most influential predictor, followed by water vapor pressure, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and the cation exchange capacity. Although the species exhibits a broad Extent of Occurrence of ca 1.48 million km2, its Area of Occupancy is highly restricted, revealing a spatially aggregated distribution. This pattern, together with severe fragmentation among subpopulations and environmentally constrained suitable habitats, supports a preliminary conservation assessment of Endangered. Suitable habitats are concentrated in Central Amazonia and adjacent portions of Northwestern and Southwestern Amazonia, whereas marginal conditions predominated across Eastern and especially Southeastern Amazonia. Conclusion – The distribution of R. ucuquirana-branca is strongly constrained by edaphic conditions and atmospheric stability rather than by broad climatic gradients alone. This decoupling between geographic range size and effective habitat occupancy highlights ecological specialization and potential vulnerability. More broadly, the study underscores the importance of incorporating soil and atmospheric filters into assessments of species rarity, distribution, and conservation priorities in hyperdiverse tropical forests.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.188286

Authors: Stephane da Silva Reis, Dayana Maria Teodoro Francino, Bernardo Otávio Dias, Ramon Martins Ferreira-Filho, Lucas Giovanni Pinto, Elaine Lopes Pereira Nunes, Bruno Francisco Sant’Anna-Santos

Abstract: Background and aims – In the Espinhaço Range, the campos rupestres harbour many endemic acaulescent Syagrus. Populations assigned to Syagrus evansiana include geographically and ecologically distinct populations. We reassessed the two populations used in the original circumscription of S. evansiana and revealed that they represent distinct species. Material and methods – We compared morphological and anatomical characters from field collections of both populations. The pinnae anatomy was studied using light microscopy of free-hand cross sections. A diagnostic comparison with other members of the S. evansiana complex is provided, together with a distribution map. Key results – Syagrus montana sp. nov. resembles S. evansiana but differs in leaf size, inflorescence architecture, and flower arrangement. Syagrus montana shows flowers only in triads, whereas S. evansiana frequently bears tetrads and pentads. Additional diagnostic traits include indumentum on the pistil of the flowers in pre-anthesis, staminode shape, fruit and endocarp size, and several pinnae anatomy characters. An accessory vascular bundle within the expansion tissue is recorded only in S. evansiana, first recorded for the genus. Conclusion – Morphological and anatomical evidence, together with geographic isolation and habitat differences, supports recognition of Syagrus montana as a new species. Syagrus evansiana possess rare and exclusive morphological and anatomical characters. Our results highlight the need to reassess other poorly studied populations currently assigned as S. evansiana. In addition, the data presented here corroborate the Espinhaço Range and its disjunctions as one of the centres of diversity of Syagrus. The discovery of this new species reinforces the uniqueness of the local flora and its classification as a priority area for conservation.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.188691

Authors: Isabel Carmona-Gallego, Francisco J. Roldán-Palacio, Jhon S. Murillo-Serna

Abstract: Background and aims – Psittacanthus is the largest genus of neotropical mistletoes within Loranthaceae, comprising approximately 110 species. With 37 species recorded to date, Colombia stands as the most diverse country for this group of aerial hemiparasites. Despite this richness, a comprehensive national or regional taxonomic revision of these mistletoes is currently lacking. This study aims to update the knowledge of Colombian Psittacanthus diversity by describing a new species and reporting new records for the country. Material and methods – This study is based on an extensive literature review and the examination of herbarium material of Psittacanthus. We examined herbarium specimens using both physical collections and high-resolution digital images. Morphological analyses were conducted using dried and rehydrated samples, following the standardized specialized terminology for neotropical mistletoes. Taxonomic descriptions and diagnoses were developed to establish and test taxonomic hypotheses, ensuring a rigorous comparison between focal taxa and previously described species. Key results – A new species for the Colombian Andes is described, and four new records for the Amazonian and Andean–Amazonian Piedmont of Colombia are reported. Psittacanthus job-kuijtii sp. nov. is described and illustrated herein; this species inhabits the moist lowland forests of the Colombian inter-Andean valleys, which are areas containing exceptional biodiversity. Furthermore, P. amazonicus, P. lamprophyllus, P. pilanthus, and P. zonatus are recorded for the first time for Colombia. The description of this new species and the additional records increase the known diversity of Colombian Psittacanthus to 41 taxa and a total of 111 species for the genus.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.178429

Authors: Mariela Nuñez-Florentin, Javier Elias Florentín, Domingos Cardoso

Abstract: Background and aims – Oldenlandia is a taxonomically complex and polyphyletic genus with approximately 160 pantropical species distributed across more than ten clades. In an ongoing integrative review of South American representatives, distinct morphological and ecological variation was detected among specimens previously assigned to O. filicaulis. This prompted the recognition and description of a new species, which is circumscribed here based on multiple lines of evidence. Material and methods – Eighty herbarium specimens were analysed. Classical taxonomic techniques were employed, including type revision, and different databases were consulted. A principal component analysis based on 19 climatic and nine edaphic variables was conducted, together with the comparative analysis of micromorphological floral, carpological, and pollen characteristics was performed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Line drawings, geographical records mapping, and a preliminary conservation assessment were also carried out. Key results – The analysed specimens have a set of unique characteristics when compared with O. filicaulis, such as floral merosity, variation in the shape and size of calyx and corolla lobes, type and distribution of corolla indumentum, presence of a pubescent style (vs glabrous), number of pollen apertures, and variation in sexine ornamentation. Distribution patterns also differ: O. filicaulis occurs in Bahia, Ceará, and Piauí, whereas the differentiated specimens are recorded exclusively in the high-altitude rupestrian grasslands in Bahia. Conclusion – The combined evidence supports the recognition of a new species. Further molecular phylogenetic studies are needed to clarify its placement within Spermacoceae and its relationships to other species of the genus, especially the South American taxa. This new species discovery reinforces the extraordinary diversity and endemism of the Brazilian rupestrian grasslands. An identification key for all Oldenlandia species occurring in Brazil is provided.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.163430

Authors: Júlia de Moraes Brandalise, Fernando H. Calderon-Quispe, Cristiano Roberto Buzatto

Abstract: Background and aims – The morphology of flowers with specialized pollination acts as a pollinator filter, resulting in compatibility between the flower and its visitors. These characteristics can influence plant diversity, and studying these interactions provides important models for understanding ecological and evolutionary processes. This is the case with Aristolochia flowers, which act as a trap, temporarily imprisoning their pollinators. This study aimed to investigate the reproductive biology of Aristolochia sessilifolia, a grassland species from South America, by addressing the following questions: (i) What is the duration of anthesis, and how is dichogamy expressed throughout this period? (ii) Which floral visitors are present, and which ones act as effective pollinators? (iii) Does fly body size influence pollen-carrying capacity? (iv) Is there a relationship between perianth dimensions and the presence of pollen on flies? (v) What is the natural fruit set rate? Material and methods – We collected 50 flowers (10 for each anthesis stage), we defined the anthesis period, identified the floral visitors and measured the height of all flies found, the smallest diameter of the tube, and the distance from the utricle wall and the gynostemium. We evaluated whether these measures influence the fly’s ability to transport pollen. In addition, we evaluated natural fruiting by marking flower buds. Key results – Flowers exhibited a prolonged anthesis (up to five days) and clearly defined protogynous dichogamy. The main pollinators identified were flies from the family Chloropidae. The presence of pollen on fly bodies was associated with body height, the internal diameter of the floral tube, and the distance between the utricle wall and the gynostemium. Natural fruit set reached 50%, a relatively high value compared to other species of the genus. Conclusion – These results support the hypothesis that compatibility between floral size and pollinator body size is necessary for effective pollination, emphasizing the specificity and complexity of Aristolochia flowers.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.165607

Authors: Gabriela Cruz-Lustre, João A.N. Batista

Abstract: Background and aims – Habenaria is the largest genus of predominantly terrestrial orchids and the genus with the largest number of species in the family in Brazil. Field expeditions to Grão Mogol, in the northern part of the Espinhaço range of Minas Gerais, Brazil, led to the discovery of a taxon within the Habenaria nuda complex that could not be assigned to any of the known species within the complex. This study aimed to investigate the identity and taxonomic status of this taxon. Material and methods – We analysed the morphology of the taxon and compared it with herbarium specimens of morphologically similar species. We assessed its phylogenetic relationships using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference, based on nuclear (ITS and ETS) and plastid (matK-trnK and rps16-trnK) DNA sequences. Key results – This taxon belongs to a large clade that mostly comprises species from the Cerrado domain. It differs from other species in the Habenaria nuda complex in that it has patent lateral sepals, and petal anterior segment and lip lateral segments that are shorter than the petal posterior segment and lip median segment, respectively. It also has small auricles located below the rostellum arms and anther canals. Based on these results, we described it here as a new species, Habenaria adamantina sp. nov. We present a distribution map, alongside comments on the taxon’s habitat, phenology, and preliminary conservation status, as well as an identification key to differentiate it from other species within the complex. The number of Habenaria species in Grão Mogol has increased from four to 12 species, with the new species being the only one restricted to the region. Conclusion – This study highlights the importance of both continuous and group-specific botanical surveys for documenting biodiversity, particularly for species that are seasonal, inconspicuous, or present in low numbers.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.172513

Authors: Luiz Henrique M. Fonseca, Ricardo da Silva Ribeiro

Abstract: Background and aims – During ongoing morphological studies of Adenocalymma, we realized that nomenclatural updates are necessary in the genus. Here, we propose a new circumscription of A. acutissimum and the description of the new species A. darwinii. Material and methods – Morphological and phylogenetic evidence support the new circumscription of A. acutissimum, while the new species is recognized based on morphological grounds and compared to A hirtum and A. salmoneum. Key results – We removed the taxa A. comosum, A. comosum var. lanceolatum, and A. nitidum as synonyms of A. acutissimum. We also presented a detailed description for A. darwinii sp. nov., an illustration, and information on its distribution, habitat, phenology, and extinction risk. A map showing the occurrence of both A. comosum and A. darwinii sp. nov. is shown. Conclusion – These results emphasize once again the importance of taxonomic studies in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and highlight conservation concerns for its flora.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.160271

Authors: Angélica Aparecida Ávila, Cássio Cardoso Pereira, Crislaine Paula de Oliveira, Carlos A. Ordóñez-Parra, Sérgio Gualberto Martins, Gislene Carvalho de Castro

Abstract: Background and aims – Hedgerows may play a crucial ecological role in maintaining connectivity in fragmented Atlantic Forest landscapes. However, little is known about their contribution to ecological processes, particularly seed rain. Material and methods – To test this, we conducted a study in Ritápolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, comparing a 500-meter-long hedgerow corridor with a 10.5-hectare forest fragment. We installed 20 seed collectors in each area and monitored them for a year, testing the hypothesis that hedgerow corridors have equivalent levels of litter, fruit, and seed production compared to preserved forest fragments. Key results – The results revealed that hedgerows can present greater fruit richness and higher litter dry weight than adjacent forest fragments. Furthermore, the other parameters evaluated in these hedgerows were equivalent to those observed in fragmented areas, reinforcing their importance in biodiversity conservation in rural landscapes. These findings directly support the hypothesis tested, highlighting hedgerows as essential structures for maintaining ecological processes, increasing environmental connectivity, and mitigating the impacts of forest fragmentation. Conclusion – This study contributes to the understanding of the role of ecological connectivity in hedgerows, paving the way for further research that can expand this knowledge.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.146274

Authors: Piero G. Delprete, Jomar G. Jardim

Abstract: Background and aims – Single-stemmed plants 20–100 cm tall, with sessile or subsessile leaves in terminal rosettes gathering leaf litter, and axillary, 1–3-flowered inflorescence, from the state of Rio de Janeiro, southern Brazil, and from French Guiana, have traditionally been identified as Faramea tinguana. The disjunction of more than 3,200 km air distance between French Guiana and Rio de Janeiro stimulated an in-depth analysis of the specimens from those regions to evaluate if any morphological character might distinguish them. Material and methods – This study is based on examinations of herbarium specimens, material preserved in 60% ethanol, and field observations. Herbarium specimens were studied either on site or through loans from the CAY, CEPEC, G, G-DC, K, L, MO, NY, P, RB, U herbaria. Digital images of herbarium specimens were analysed through virtual herbaria. Traditional practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied. A preliminary conservation status assessment of each species studied was made using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Results – The names F. tinguana and F. megalophylla are here lectotypified, and are treated as synonymous. Numerous reproductive characters support a clear distinction between the specimens from Rio de Janeiro and those from French Guiana traditionally identified as F. tinguana. Hence, the two distant populations are here treated as two distinct species. Faramea humicapiens, endemic to French Guiana, is newly described, and F. tinguana is restricted to the state of Rio de Janeiro. Faramea humicapiens is evaluated as Vulnerable and F. tinguana as Critically Endangered. A discussion on Neotropical litter-gathering Rubiaceae is also presented.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.142555

Authors: Hadassa Carolinny Soares de Oliveira, Márlon Carlos da Silva Cintra, Sinzinando Albuquerque-Lima, Swanni T. Alvarado, Edlley Max Pessoa

Abstract: Background and aims – Bats are the third most important animal pollinators in the Brazilian Caatinga seasonally dry forest, but little is known about the conservation status of the chiropterophilous plant species in this domain, and their main threats. The Scottian shortfall relates to deficits in assessments of IUCN conservation statuses. We aimed to evaluate the current conservation status of chiropterophilous species in the Caatinga, investigate the main changes in land use and land cover in the last years and their impacts on conservation of these species. Material and methods – We compiled a dataset and evaluated the extinction risk of 16 species following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria using the geographic range criterion. Analyses of reductions of natural vegetation were carried out using data from the project MapBiomas. Key results – Our results show that approximately 80% of the assessed species saw their conditions worsen in the last years. We verified that Dyckia viridiflora and Ipomoea vespertilia are categorized as Endangered and Stigmatodon limae is considered Vulnerable. The main sources of disturbances impacting these species according to land use are pastures and mosaics of land uses, but we highlight that urbanization is the second or third most important threat for all species. The three main threats affected the species differently. Although half of the species is assessed as Least Concern, all species had their suitable areas impacted by human activities.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.140649

Authors: Rosana Romero, Luciano Pataro, Ana Flavia A. Versiane

Abstract: Background and aims – The genus Microlicia consists of 286 taxa, 82 of which are found in Bahia, Brazil. This genus features pentamerous flowers, occasionally hexamerous to decamerous; a hypanthium with or without bristles, isomorphic to dimorphic androecium; tetrasporangiate or polysporangiate anthers; and pedoconnective prolonged below the theca with a ventral appendage. The ovary has a glabrous apex, and the fruit is capsular with either basipetal or acropetal dehiscence and a columella that can be persistent or deciduous. In this study, we describe three new species of Microlicia found in Bahia, Brazil, and provide a checklist of Microlicia species with yellow corollas. Material and methods – The morphological descriptions are based on examinations of the Microlicia collections housed in six herbaria. Along with the descriptions, we provide comparisons with morphologically similar species, a distribution map, conservation status assessments, and illustrations. Key results – We describe Microlicia aequalis, Microlicia eimeariana from Catolés, and Microlicia xanthopetala from Mucugê, Bahia, Brazil. We have preliminarily assigned these three species as Data Deficient (DD) according to IUCN Red List criteria.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.140657

Authors: Bruno Francisco Sant’Anna-Santos, Elaine Lopes Pereira Nunes, Rafael Micheli, Dayana Maria Teodoro Francino

Abstract: Background and aims – The Serra do Ambrósio is a mountain with a unique vegetation called carrasco. The carrasco is characterised by sandy soils of high granulometry and is home to rare species. During the current research on the Arecaceae flora of the Diamantina Plateau, a new Syagrus species was discovered, which is described here. Material and methods – The morphology and anatomy are described based on field collections. The pinnae anatomy was analysed using LM (free-hand cross sections). The new species belongs to the Syagrus glaucescens complex, and an identification key and a distribution map were created. Key results – Syagrus harenae resembles S. glaucescens, but some characteristics easily differentiate it, such as the small size, lax pinnae, symmetric pinnae tips, ramenta scales, a scattered thin indumentum on the peduncle, inflorescences and fruits orangish-yellow, and pistil with indumentum. The new species also possesses flowers arranged in tetrads and pentads and is the first species of Syagrus showing two sepals, petals with imbricate tips, staminodes with anthers, and frequently lacks staminodial rings. The pinnae anatomy of the new species also resembles S. glaucescens, which indicates their relatedness. However, reliable differences in pinnae anatomy set the new species apart, such as the fibrous ring reaching the abaxial hypodermis and the large first adaxial fibre bundle near the margin. The new species is assessed as critically endangered. Conclusion – Syagrus harenae is the first endemic species of the genus described for the Serra do Ambrósio and possesses striking characteristics, such as the re-greening of the pistillate flowers and flowers arranged in tetrads and pentads. The type population corroborates the Diamantina Plateau and its disjunctions as one of the centres of diversity for Syagrus. The discovery of this new species reinforces the uniqueness of the local flora and its classification as a priority area for conservation.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134103

Authors: Emerson R. Pansarin

Abstract: Background and aims – With more than 40 species, Brazil is the centre of diversity for Vanilla. Despite the species richness, few studies on species boundaries involving Brazilian taxa have been carried out. Consequently, many species have been synonymized under taxa with a wider distribution. This is the case for V. lindmaniana, a species currently synonymized under V. palmarum. While studying the diversity of Brazilian Vanilla, differences between plants from the Amazonia/Cerrado/Pantanal and Caatinga/Atlantic Forest Biomes were recorded. Material and methods – Detailed descriptions based on herbaria specimens and living material of V. lindmaniana and V. palmarum are provided and a morphological comparison is given. Illustrations of both species based on living plants is provided, and their geographic distributions are presented. Key results – Plants occurring in the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal Biomes correspond to V. lindmaniana, while V. palmarum occurs in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest Biomes. Vanilla lindmaniana is distinguished from V. palmarum by several vegetative and reproductive characteristics, such as the size of leaves and flower structures, and the shape of the fruits. Characteristics associated to pollination strongly differ between both taxa. Vanilla lindmaniana is ornithophilous, while the labellar morphology of V. palmarum suggests pollination by bees. Both species occur as epiphytes on palms: Vanilla lindmaniana predominantly on Acrocomia, Attalea, and Mauritia, while V. palmarum on Elaeis and Syagrus. Both V. lindmaniana and V. palmarum are assessed as Endangered. Conclusion – Appraisal of reproductive and vegetative characteristics from living specimens is crucial in delimitating species boundaries in Vanilla. Species delimitation based on ecological divergencies, plus geographic disjunctions have advanced the current evaluation and understanding of diversity in this economically and ecologically important orchid genus. All evidence reveals that V. lindmaniana is distinct from V. palmarum. Vanilla palmarum is endemic to Brazil, while V. lindmaniana is widely distributed throughout South America.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134375

Authors: Thuane Bochorny, Paulo M. Gonella, Lucas N. Gonçalves, Rafael R. Völtz, Renato Goldenberg

Abstract: Background and aims – Huberia is a genus with 37 species mostly occurring in high elevation grasslands in eastern Brazil, except for four species in the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. It belongs to tribe Pyramieae (Melastomataceae) and can be recognized by tetra- to heptamerous flowers with a campanulate or apically constricted hypanthium, white to light-pink or purple petals, and stamens bearing dorsal connective appendages. Material and methods – We describe five new species in Huberia and also provide detailed photographs, taxonomic notes, distribution maps, and conservation assessments. Key results – Huberia campostriniae, H. ciliata, H. mayarae, H. revoluta, and H. rubricalyx are taxonomically described from rocky outcrops in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro in eastern Brazil. We recommend that these species be classified as Critically Endangered or Data Deficient according to the IUCN Red List criteria.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.117163

Authors: William Wayt Thomas, Pedro Joel Silva da Silva Filho, Marcelo Reginato

Abstract: Background and aims – We tested the integrity of Rhynchospora sect. Pleurostachys, understand its evolution and origins, and test the phylogenetic separation of three morphologically distinct taxa. Material and methods – We used the chloroplast marker trnL-F and the two nuclear markers nrETS and nrITS in our phylogenetic analysis. Key results – We demonstrated that R. sect. Pleurostachys is monophyletic and that the section is divided into two large clades with the early divergent species in each clade occurring outside the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The molecular analysis also confirmed the distinctness of the three species new to science. Conclusions – Rhynchospora sect. Pleurostachys probably originated outside the Atlantic Forest but diversified there. The three taxa are described as species new to science: Rhynchospora barbosae, R. hamadryadis, and R. eremica, from the tropical semi-deciduous and deciduous forests of Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil, are illustrated and compared to other related species of the section.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.121915

Authors: Emerson R. Pansarin, Marcelo R. Miranda

Abstract: Background and aims – Brazil has more than 40 species of Vanilla. Some taxa have been considered to be obscure since they are known only from the type specimen. This is the case of some south-eastern Brazilian species such as V. dubia and V. dungsii. While studying the diversity of Brazilian Vanilla, plants of an unidentified species were found in Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. After flowering, it was confirmed that the species corresponded to the obscure V. dubia. Material and methods – A redescription of V. dubia is provided and a morphological comparison with the related taxa V. dungsii and V. paulista is presented. An illustration of V. dubia is provided, and its geographic distribution is presented. The identity of the enigmatic V. dungsii is also clarified based on holotype examination and on images of living specimens. Key results – Vanilla dubia is recognized by its coriaceous leaves with prominent vascular bundles in transverse section, by its white 3-lobed labellum with yellow lobes and undulate-crenulate margins, and by its tuberculate appendages on the apical portion of the labellar crest. Morphological characteristics suggest a close relationship of V. dubia with V. dungsii and V. paulista. Vanilla dubia occurs in the Dense Ombrophilous Forest, while V. paulista occurs in the Semi-deciduous Mesophytic Forest, and V. dungsii is endemic to the Dense Montane Ombrophilous Forest. Based on current data, V. dubia is assessed as Endangered. Conclusion – Evaluation of vegetative and reproductive characters from living and herbaria specimens is crucial to understanding the identity and species boundaries of Vanilla. The data presented here show that the species occurring in the Atlantic Forest, V. dubia and V. dungsii, are more closely related to each other than to V. paulista, which occurs in Semi-deciduous Mesophytic Forests. A proposal to change the status of V. dungsii as a subspecies of V. dubia can be further considered.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.111072

Authors: Lara Serpa Jaegge Deccache, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Claudio Nicoletti de Fraga

Abstract: Background and aims – The neotropical genus Tachigali comprises about 75 recorded species, including names described in Sclerolobium, synonymised in 1993 in Tachigali based on morphological, molecular, and anatomical characters. Most species are found in northern South America and the Atlantic Forest. However, some species are exclusively found in the savannas of central Brazil (Cerrado), Bolivia, and Paraguay. The Tachigali species from northern South America and Central America has already been revised. However, the extra-Amazonian Tachigali species were not correctly typified due to the impossibility of examining all syntypes. Therefore, the present work aims to present the nomenclatural review of the extra-Amazonian species of Tachigali. Material and methods – The list of accepted extra-Amazonian Tachigali names and their basionyms was made and verified through online databases. The original descriptions were consulted online or in the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Library. The type specimens were examined in virtual herbaria and through visits to the B, IAN, G, K, M, NY, P, R, RB, US, and W herbaria. The International Code of Nomenclature of algae, fungi, and plants was followed for the type designation and nomenclatural notes. Key results – The nomenclatural review was carried out for 32 names. A total of 15 lectotypifications, representing 12 Tachigali species, and a new combination for Tachigali rubiginosa is proposed herein. Furthermore, the nomen dubium Sclerolobium macrophyllum is presented. Conclusion – Our study provides the nomenclatural review for the extra-Amazonian Tachigali species, including notes about the type materials, collectors, and authors of all species names, in addition to the holotype and lectotype images.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.102524

Authors: Carolina Prandi da Silva, Rafael Felipe de Almeida, Talita Kely Bellonzi, Eduardo Custódio Gasparino

Abstract: Background and aims – Pollen grain morphology is an important morphological character for aiding the systematics of flowering plants. For Malpighiaceae, only a single unpublished palynological study has comprehensively sampled ca 60 of this family’s 75 currently accepted genera. To test the systematic relevance of pollen morphology in Amorimia and allies, we characterised the pollen morphology of these lineages. We scored, coded, and mapped 12 characters onto the most recent molecular phylogeny of Amorimia and allies. Material and methods – We sampled 13 species of Amorimia as ingroup and two species of Mascagnia and Ectopopterys soejartoi as outgroup. Pollen grains were acetolised, characterised, and measured using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen quantitative measurements were submitted to a PCA multivariate analysis. Additionally, quantitative and qualitative characters were scored and coded into 12 characters and mapped onto the molecular phylogeny of Amorimia and allies. Key results – Amorimia and allies are stenopalynous due to all species showing the same pollen type, with some subtle differences between the pollen grains, such as details of ornamentation, shape, size, and thickness of the pollen exine. However, the patterns of pollen grain evolution showed that few qualitative and apomorphic characters are informative for intrageneric distinction (i.e. type and number of apertures), and almost all quantitative and homoplastic characters analysed were informative at infrageneric levels within Malpighiaceae. Conclusion – Our results demonstrate that even though the pollen morphology characters of Amorimia and allies show subtle variation, both qualitative and quantitative apomorphic and/or homoplastic characters are highly informative for intra- and infrageneric levels in Malpighiaceae when analysed in a phylogenetic context.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.110654

Authors: Bruno Francisco Sant`Anna-Santos

Abstract: Background and aims – The highlands of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region comprise one of the largest savannah areas in central Brazil. The region includes large areas of the rare and little-known cerrado rupestre, which is home to numerous endemic species. During research on the Arecaceae flora of Chapada dos Veadeiros, a new species of Butia was discovered, and it is described here. Material and methods – The morphology and anatomy are described based on field collections. Following the default methodology, pinnae and flowers were analysed using LM (freehand cross- and longitudinal sections) and SEM. The new species is compared to its morphologically similar species from the Brazilian central plateau, and an identification key and distribution map were established. Key results – At first sight, the new species Butia soffiae resembles B. archeri, but with staminate and pistillate flowers, which are always purple, different in size, and congested in the rachillae. After close inspection, it is morphologically allied to B. buenopolensis, differing mainly by its glaucous peduncular bract – similar size to the inflorescence, herbaceous peduncle, numerous rachillae, purple floral colour, and inconspicuous staminodes. Differences in leaf anatomy, such as the presence of raphides, a cross-sectionally truncated midrib, and the number of accessory bundles on the midrib, also support the description of a new species. Two structures were recorded for the first time for the genus: squamiform trichomes at the base of the pistil and osmophores on the staminodes. The new species is assessed as Critically Endangered based on the restricted area of occurrence and anthropogenic threats. Conclusion – Butia soffiae is the first endemic Butia species described in Chapada dos Veadeiros. The type population is located near Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, which is the subject of a bill that aims to reduce its area by 73%. The discovery of this new species reinforces the uniqueness of the local flora and the importance of maintaining the park.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.101657

Authors: Rafael F. de Almeida, Isa L. de Morais, Marco O.O. Pellegrini, Cassio van den Berg

Abstract: Background and aims – Cordobia, Gallardoa, Mionandra, and Peixotoa (Stigmaphylloid clade, Malpighiaceae) are four small, closely related genera comprising shrubs or lianas endemic to South American savannas, dry forests, and temperate steppes. Their generic limits have significantly changed in the last century, and past molecular phylogenetic studies of Malpighiaceae have not tested the morphological characters of this group to identify synapomorphies supporting these clades/genera. Material and methods – We sampled the monospecific Cordobia and Gallardoa, one species of Mionandra (out of 2 spp.), nine species of Peixotoa (out of 29 spp.), and a single species of Camarea and Janusia as outgroups. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses were carried out for this clade based on five molecular markers (i.e. ETS, ITS, PHYC, matK, and ndhF). A set of 16 macromorphological characters was scored and coded for identifying synapomorphies under the Maximum Likelihood criteria. Key results – Our molecular phylogeny recovered Peixotoa as monophyletic and sister to the clade comprising Cordobia + Gallardoa + Mionandra, strongly corroborating previous phylogenetic studies of Malpighiaceae. The character-mapping analyses recovered two synapomorphies supporting the Cordobia + Gallardoa + Mionandra + Peixotoa clade, six supporting Mionandra s.l. (i.e. Cordobia + Gallardoa + Mionandra), and five supporting Peixotoa. Cordobia and Gallardoa are proposed as synonyms of Mionandra, alongside the necessary combinations, typifications, and identification keys. Conclusions – Morphological characters related to the degree of connation of the stipules, leaf indumentum type, petiole length, inflorescence architecture, number of flowers per inflorescence, presence of a peduncle in the 1-flowered cincinni, sepal connation, posture and texture, petal width and margin integrity, staminode presence, shape and size, and the shape of the apex of styles were key in circumscribing these lineages. Mionandra s.l. is proposed and characterised, including a new combination, an identification key to distinguish its species, a distribution map, and taxonomy notes.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.103395

Authors: Rafaela Sales Pereira Roxo, Maria Regina de Vasconcellos Barbosa

Abstract: Background and aims – Malanea (Rubiaceae) is a Neotropical genus of ca 40 species, 15 of which occur in Brazil, with nine found in the Atlantic Forest domain. This study aims to present a taxonomic treatment of the species occurring in the Atlantic Forest domain. Material and methods – We studied collections deposited in 15 Brazilian herbaria, ALCB, BHCB, BHZB, CEPEC, HUEFS, HUFU, IPA, JPB, MAC, OUPR, PEUFR, RFA, RB, UFP, and UFRN, and collections in NY were studied online. Specimens were identified using protologues and digital images of types available online. Key results – Of the nine species of Malanea previously recognized in the Atlantic Forest domain, we accepted seven, six of which are endemic. Malanea macrophylla has a wide distribution also occurring in other Brazilian phytogeographic domains, and adjacent countries. We expanded the distribution of four species and identified Bahia as the possible centre of diversity for the group in the domain. In addition, an identification key to the species, detailed descriptions, taxonomic notes, typifications, illustrations, maps of geographic distribution, and assessments of conservation status are provided. The names Malanea evenosa, M. forsteronioides, M. macrophylla, M. martiana, and M. spicata are here typified. The calculated conservation status revealed three Endangered species, two Vulnerable ones, M. forsteronioides as Near Threatened, and M. macrophylla with a status of Least Concern.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95601

Authors: Antonio Campos-Rocha, Alan William Meerow, Mauro Peixoto, Ingrid Koch, Patrícia Aparecida Messias, Julie Henriette Antoinette Dutilh

Abstract: Background and aims – The Atlantic Forest is among the five most important biodiversity hotspots in the world, harbouring one of the highest levels of endemism and species richness in the tropics. The region has been suggested as a centre of diversity for the genus Hippeastrum, which comprises about one hundred species distributed throughout the Neotropics. Due to its large and showy flowers, the genus is highly sought after by collectors and horticulturists around the world, with hundreds of hybrids produced and traded for centuries. However, most of its species are still known from only one or a few populations, and several are officially recognized as endangered. Monographic studies on the genus Hippeastrum in Brazil have revealed two likely microendemic new species from the Atlantic Forest. Material and methods – The morphological descriptions of the new species are based on herbarium specimens and cultivated plants, as well as in situ observations. Descriptions and measures were taken following standard procedures. Preliminary conservation assessments followed IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – Both species show typical morphology of the subgenus Hippeastrum, in which they should be placed. They can be distinguished from similar taxa, including some of the most widely distributed and known species of the genus, by several floral characters. Data on ecology, conservation, and photographs and illustrations are provided, as well as comparisons with related species. An identification key to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest species of Hippeastrum is provided, accompanied by photographs of these species in their natural habitats. Conclusion – The new species are considered critically endangered due to their single known location and small population size. The findings reinforce the need for continued sampling across different regions of the Atlantic Forest, as well as the importance of systematic studies conducted by specialist taxonomists.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.98904

Authors: Dayvid Rodrigues Couto, André Pavioti Fontana, Andrea Ferreira da Costa, Claudio Nicoletti de Fraga

Abstract: Background and aims – Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae) is a monophyletic genus currently comprising 33 species, all endemic to rocky outcrops, mainly inselbergs, from the Atlantic Forest and campos rupestres of the Espinhaço range, Brazil. Material and methods – Our fieldwork in the inselbergs of the Atlantic Forest of the state of Espírito Santo led to the discovery of a new Stigmatodon species with a tubo-laciniate stigma type. Standard herbarium taxonomy practices were adopted to study the novelty. Morphological data were obtained from herbarium specimens and fresh material collected in the field. Key results – Stigmatodon lemeanus is here described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters and affinities of the new species are discussed, accompanied by notes on its ecology, geographic distribution, and conservation status. A key to the species of Stigmatodon from Espírito Santo state is provided. The novelty is similar to S. goniorachis from coastal inselbergs of Rio de Janeiro and S. attenuatoides, another inselberg endemic from southern Espírito Santo. Stigmatodon lemeanus is preliminarily assessed as Vulnerable (VU) according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Additionally, we present a new combination of Tillandsia oligantha in Stigmatodon, correcting a nomenclatural error.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.101027

Authors: Bruno Francisco Sant'Anna-Santos, Rafael Micheli, Luiz Fernando Lima Carvalho, Patrícia Soffiatti

Abstract: Background and aims – This study is part of ongoing research on the Arecaceae Flora of the Serra do Cabral, an isolated massif in the southwest of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais State. Because of the isolation of the massif, the area has a rich biodiversity and a high level of endemism. While searching for populations of the rare and critically endangered Syagrus cabraliensis, a new bluish-leaved palm species was discovered and it is described here. Material and methods – The new species’ morphology is described based on field collections. The pinnae were analysed using SEM and LM cross- and longitudinal sections following default methodology. In addition, we compared the species to S. cabraliensis and provided ecological notes and a conservation status assessment. Key results – Syagrus carvalhoi resembles S. cabraliensis but they can easily be distinguished by morphoanatomical characters. Both species occur non-sympatrically in the Serra do Cabral, in contrasting microhabitats: S. carvalhoi in the southern quartzitic campos rupestres and S. cabraliensis in the northern ferruginous campos rupestres. A key to the known grass-like Syagrus species from the massif is provided. Based on the restricted area of occurrence and the anthropogenic threats, Syagrus carvalhoi is assessed as critically endangered. Conclusion – Syagrus carvalhoi is the second grass-like endemic Syagrus species from the Serra do Cabral and presents rare characters within the genus (grass-like aspect, colonial habit, flowers in tetrads, and the stem forking at or below the ground). This discovery corroborates that this isolated OCBIL is a home for endemic and rare palm species. The Serra do Cabral massif has proved a source of morphological and anatomical novelties in Arecaceae, affecting the taxonomy and understanding of the evolution and ecology of palms. Our results reinforce the notion that it is important to conserve this area with rich and rare biodiversity but under alarming and unprecedented threats.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.95130

Authors: Fabrício Moreira Ferreira, Reyjane P. Oliveira, Lynn G. Clark, Cassiano A. Dorneles Welker

Abstract: Background and aims – Parianella is a relatively recently described genus of the subtribe Parianinae (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae) that includes two species, and it is supposedly endemic to the Bahian Coastal Forests in the central region of Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate a new species of the genus, comparing it with the other species of Parianella. We also provide an updated distribution map of the genus and the conservation status of the new taxon. Material and methods – This study was based on the analysis of herbarium specimens and a literature review. The conservation assessment is based on field observations and spatial analyses, following IUCN guidelines and criteria. Key results – During a review of the Poaceae collection of the MBML Herbarium, two Parianinae specimens with interesting features were found. A detailed morphological analysis revealed that these specimens belong to a new species of Parianella. The new taxon was collected in two localities in the southern portion of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, one in the municipality of Santa Leopoldina and the other in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, municipality of Cariacica. Both localities are situated in the Krenák-Waitaká Forests, one of the three subregions of the central Atlantic Forest region, and an area of great floristic diversity, including bamboo species. Conclusion – Parianella capixaba represents the southernmost distribution of the genus known to date. With the description of this new species, the total number of bamboos in Espírito Santo state rises to 52 species in 18 genera.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.94921

Authors: Thales Silva Coutinho, Mariela Analía Sader, Andrea Pedrosa-Harand, Marccus Alves

Abstract: Background – Waltheria marielleae is a new species of Malvaceae endemic to north-eastern Brazil that occurs only in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, in areas of Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. It is characterized by cinereous leaves, axillary and sessile to subsessile inflorescences, pallid yellow corollas with apically eciliate petals and fan-plumose stigmas. Material and methods – DNA was extracted from leaf tissue and the markers matK, ndhF, and ITS were amplified using universal primers, with PCR products purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, including DNA sequences obtained from GenBank. Morphological studies were based on the analysis of specimens deposited in seven herbaria and specimens collected in Pernambuco state, Brazil. Results – Waltheria marielleae is morphologically and phylogenetically related to pantropical W. indica and W. ackermanniana, with these three species forming a well-supported clade. Overall, phylogenetic molecular analysis suggests the monophyly of Waltheria, with the two currently proposed sections also being monophyletic, and Melochia as its sister group. The new species is assessed here as Endangered, according to IUCN criteria. In addition, we formally present new occurrences of W. ackermanniana and W. rotundifolia. Conclusion – In this study, a complete morphological description, illustration, distribution map, and phylogenetic tree are provided for Waltheria marielleae. This species is compared with morphologically and phylogenetically related species (W. ackermanniana, W. indica, and W. rotundifolia) and an identification key to the species occurring in Alagoas and Pernambuco is provided.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.94326

Authors: Andressa Cabral, Renato Albuquerque Magri, Jenifer de Carvalho Lopes

Abstract: Background and aims – Two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) are here described and illustrated, Vellozia albohexandra and V. mellosilvae. These new species are morphologically similar to Vellozia armata, V. luteola, and V. inselbergae, probably belonging to the same informal group. Material and methods – Morphological and anatomical descriptions were based on herbarium specimens and in situ observations. Standard taxonomy and plant anatomy practices and methods were applied. Key results – Vellozia albohexandra can be easily distinguished from the other species of the group of V. luteola by its sessile flowers with white and smaller petals and sepals, six stamens, and smaller style and stigma. The species is endemic to the Cristália municipality, Minas Gerais state, and has been classified as Data Deficient according to IUCN criteria. Vellozia mellosilvae shares morphological affinities with V. armata, but it is distinguished by the leaves with serrate margin and abaxial furrows, longer and evident pedicel, and larger petals and sepals. This species is endemic to the Itacambira municipality, and should be considered Critically Endangered.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.90511

Authors: Taynara Rabelo-Costa, Paulo Weslem Portal Gomes, Brenda Oliveira Rocha, Iury Leite Cruz, Ravena Santiago Alves, Tiê Rocha de Sousa Oliveira, José Luís Passos Cordeiro, Moabe Ferreira Fernandes, Eimear Nic Lughadha, Marcelo Freire Moro

Abstract: Background and aims – Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene altered the distribution of many species and even entire biomes, allowing some species to increase their range while others underwent reductions. Recent and ongoing anthropogenic climate change is altering climatic patterns very rapidly and is likely to impact species’ distributions over shorter timescales than previous natural fluctuations. Therefore, we aimed to understand how Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations might have shaped the current distribution of Holoregmia and explore its expected distribution under future climate scenarios. Material and methods – We modelled the potential distribution of Holoregmia viscida (Martyniaceae), a monospecific plant genus endemic to the semi-arid Caatinga Domain in Brazil. We used an ensemble approach to model suitable areas for Holoregmia under present conditions, Paleoclimatic scenarios, and global warming scenarios in 2050 and 2090. Key results – Holocene climates in most Caatinga were too humid for Holoregmia, which restricted its suitable areas to the southern Caatinga, similar to its current distribution. However, under global warming scenarios, the Caatinga is expected to become too dry for this lineage, resulting in a steady decline in the area suitable for Holoregmia and even its possible extinction under the most pessimistic scenario modelled. Conclusion – The predicted extinction of the ancient and highly specialized Holoregmia viscida highlights the possible consequences of climate change for some species of endemic Caatinga flora. Invaluable phylogenetic diversity may be lost in the coming decades, representing millions of years of unique evolutionary history and consequent loss of evolutionary potential to adapt to future environmental changes in semi-arid environments.

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DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.84548

Authors: João Carmo, André Scatigna, Gustavo Shimizu, André Simões

Abstract: Background and aims – Mitracarpus semirianus, an overlooked new species from the “campo rupestre” of the Chapada Diamantina, in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, is here described and illustrated. Specimens of the new species have been previously identified as M. frigidus or M. lhotzkyanus, with which its distinction is discussed. We also provide an updated description of the latter, with notes on its type specimens. In addition, we comment on the distribution, habitat, and preliminary conservation status of both M. semirianus and M. lhotzkyanus. We also provide an updated identification key to the species of Mitracarpus occurring in Brazil.Material and methods – This study was based on fieldwork collections and observations and analysis of specimens deposited in herbaria. Preliminary conservation status assessments follow the IUCN Red List criteria.Key results – Mitracarpus semirianus differs from M. frigidus and M. lhotzkyanus by its glabrous stems, winged at each angle, wing margin hirsute, glabrous leaf blades, and the oblongoid and slightly compressed seeds, with a smooth longitudinal groove dorsally and an inverted “Y”-shaped groove ventrally. The new species is assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN criteria. Furthermore, it is more likely that Riedel, not Lhotzky, collected the original material of the name M. lhotzkyanus. This species is glabrate, not completely glabrous, presenting a generally strigose indumentum on the stems, stipular sheaths, and leaf blades.

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