Plant Ecology and Evolution 152(2): 142-149, doi: 10.5091/plecevo.2019.1599
Polyphyly and homoplasic structures in rhizosolenioid diatom genera: a review
expand article infoRichard W. Jordan‡, Matt P. Ashworth§, Yuki Uezato|, Schonna R. Manning
‡ Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990 8560, Japan§ University of Texas at Austin, UTEX Culture Collection of Algae, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 316 Biological Laboratories MS A6700, Austin, TX 78712, Austin, United States of America| Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990 8560, Japan¶ University of Texas at Austin, UTEX Culture Collection of Algae, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 316 Biological Laboratories MS A6700, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America

Corresponding author: Richard Jordan ( sh081@kdw.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp )

© Richard W. Jordan, Matt P. Ashworth, Yuki Uezato, Schonna R. Manning.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Jordan RW, Ashworth MP, Uezato Y, Manning SR (2019) Polyphyly and homoplasic structures in rhizosolenioid diatom genera: a review. Plant Ecology and Evolution 152(2): 142-149. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1599
Open Access
Abstract

Background and aims – Traditionally, extant rhizosolenioid diatom genera have been placed in a single family, the Rhizosoleniaceae. However, preliminary molecular data suggested that the family might be polyphyletic. Therefore, a literature review of the morphological, ultrastructural and molecular data of the rhizosolenioid genera was undertaken.

Methods – In addition to the literature survey, the location of the rimoportula in a number of rhizosolenioid genera was investigated by breaking the valves and observing the fragments in the scanning electron microscope.

Key results – The data provides strong support for the previous separation of Proboscia and Rhizosolenia at the family level (Probosciaceae vs. Rhizosoleniaceae), with the rimoportula being located at the tip of the proboscis in Proboscia, or with an internal labia at the base of the hollow tubular rimoportula (= spine or process) in Rhizosolenia and Pseudosolenia.

Conclusions – The data suggests that a number of rhizosolenioid genera should be transferred to other families, and that gene sequences of two genera (Dactyliosolen and Neocalyptrella) are needed as their morphological features differ markedly from those of the Rhizosoleniceae s. str. (Rhizosolenia, Guinardia, Pseudosolenia).

Keywords
Bacillariophyta, diatoms, homoplasy, morphology, polyphyly, review, rimoportula, Rhizosoleniaceae

References

  • Ashworth M.P., Nakov T., Theriot E.C. (2013) Revisiting Ross and Sims (1971): toward a molecular phylogeny of the Biddulphiaceae and Eupodiscaceae (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 49: 1207–1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12131
  • Cupp E.E. (1943) Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of North America. Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press. [reprinted by Otto Koeltz Science Publishers in 1977].
  • Edlund M.B., Stoermer E.F. (1993) Resting spores of the freshwater diatoms Acanthoceras and Urosolenia. Journal of Paleolimnology 9: 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00680035
  • Ferreyra G.A., Ferrario M.E. (1983) Variación morfológica estacional de Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell en Bahía Paraíso, Antártida Occidental. Contribución del Instituto Antártico Argentino 300: 1–18.
  • Gran H.H. (1908) Diatomeen. Nordisches Plankton 19: 1–146.
  • Hasle G.R. (1975) Some living marine species of the diatom family Rhizosoleniaceae. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 53: 99–151.
  • Hernández-Becerril D.U. (1995) Planktonic diatoms from the Gulf of California and coasts off Baja California: the genera Rhizosolenia, Proboscia, Pseudosolenia and former Rhizosolenia species. Diatom Research 10: 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1995.9705348
  • Hernández-Becerril D.U., Meave del Castillo M.E. (1996) The marine planktonic diatom Rhizosolenia robusta (Bacillariophyta): morphological studies support its transfer to a new genus, Calyptrella gen. nov. Phycologia 35: 198–203. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-35-3-198.1
  • Jordan R.W., Ligowski R. (2004) New observations on Proboscia auxospores and validation of the Family Probosciaceae fam. nov. Vie et Milieu 54: 91–103.
  • Jordan R.W., Ligowski R. (2006) Observations on the auxospores, initial cells and vegetative cells of Proboscia truncata (Bacillariophyta). Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 130: 201–212.
  • Kaczmarska I., Poulíčková A., Sato S., Edlund M.B., Idei M., Watanabe T., Mann, D.G. (2013) Proposals for a terminology for diatom sexual reproduction, auxospores and resting stages. Diatom Research 28: 263–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.791344
  • Lebour M.V. (1930) The plankton diatoms of northern seas. London, The Ray Society. [Reprinted by Otto Koeltz Science Publishers in 1978].
  • Medlin L.K., Kooistra W.C.H.F., Schmid A.-M.M. (2000) A review of the evolution of the diatoms – a total approach using molecules, morphology and geology. In: Witkowski A., Sieminska J. (eds) The origin and early evolution of the diatoms: fossil, molecular and biogeographic approaches: 13–35. Cracow, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences.
  • Meunier A. (1910) Microplankton des Mers de Barents et de Kara. Brussels, Duc d’Orléans, Campagne Arctique de 1907. 2 volumes.
  • Meunier A. (1915) Microplankton de la Mer Flamande. IIe Partie. Brussels, Mémoires du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, vol. 3.
  • Moreno J.L., Licea S., Santoyo H. (1996) Diatomeas del Golfo de California. La Paz, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur.
  • Nakov T., Ashworth M., Theriot E.C. (2014) Comparative analysis of the interaction between habitat and growth form in diatoms. ISME Journal 9: 246–247. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.108
  • Nakov T., Beaulieu J.M., Alverson A.J. (2018) Accelerated diversification is related to life history and locomotion in a hyperdiverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta). New Phytologist 219: 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15137
  • Nikolaev V.A., Harwood D.M. (2000) Diversity and system of classification centric diatoms. In: Witkowski A., Sieminska J. (eds) The origin and early evolution of the diatoms: fossil, molecular and biogeographic approaches: 37–53. Cracow, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences.
  • Parks M.B., Wickett N.J., Alverson A.J. (2017) Signal, uncertainty, and conflict in phylogenomic data for a diverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta). Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx268
  • Pavillard J. (1905) Recherches sur la flore pélagique (Phytoplankton) de l’étang de Thau. Montpellier, Gustave Firmin, Montane et Sicardi.
  • Pavillard J. (1925) Bacillariales. Reports of the Danish Oceanographic Expedition 1908–1910 to the Mediterranean and adjacent seas 2: 1–72.
  • Priddle J., Jordan R.W., Medlin L.K. (1990) Family Rhizosoleniaceae. In: Medlin L.K., Priddle J. (eds) Polar Marine Diatoms: 115–127. Cambridge, British Antarctic Survey.
  • Rott E., Kling H., McGregor G. (2006) Studies on the diatom Urosolenia Round & Crawford (Rhizosoleniophycidae) Part 1. New and re-classified species from subtropical and tropical freshwaters. Diatom Research 21: 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2006.9705655
  • Round F.E., Crawford R.M., Mann D.G. (1990) The diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Sala S.E., Núñez-Avellaneda M., Vouilloud A.A. (2008) Ultrastructure of the frustule of Urosolenia species from the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon: U. delicatissima spec. nov., U. amazonica spec. nov. and U. braunii (Hustedt) Rott & Kling. Diatom Research 23: 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2008.9705744
  • Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Muyzer G., Abbas B., Rampen S.W., Massé G., Allard W.G., Belt S.T., Robert J.-M., Rowland S.J., Moldowan J.M., Barbanti S.M., Fago F.J., Denisevich P., Dahl J., Trindade L.A.F., Schouten S. (2004) The rise of the rhizo­solenid diatoms. Science 304: 584–587. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1096806
  • Sundström B.G. (1986) The marine diatom genus Rhizosolenia (A new approach to the taxonomy). Ph.D. Thesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
  • Sunesen I., Sar E.A. (2007) Marine diatoms from Buenos Aires coastal waters (Argentina). IV. Rhizosolenia s. str., Neocalyptrella, Pseudosolenia, Proboscia. Phycologia 46: 628–643. https://doi.org/10.2216/07-13.1
  • Theriot E.C., Ashworth MP, Nakov T., Ruck E, Jansen R.K. (2015) Dissecting signal and noise in diatom chloroplast protein encoding genes with phylogenetic information profiling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 89: 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.012
  • Tremarin P.I., Freire E.G. Algarte V.M., Ludwig T.V. (2015) Acanthoceras and Urosolenia species (Diatomeae) in subtropical reservoirs from South Brazil: Ultrastructure, distribution and autoecology. Biota Neotropica 15: e20140043. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-06032014004314
  • Van de Meene A.M.L., Pickett-Heaps J.D. (2004) Valve morphogenesis in the centric diatom Rhizosolenia setigera (Bacillariophyceae, Centrales) and its taxonomic implications. European Journal of Phycology 39: 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260310001646522
  • Yun S.M., Lee J.H. (2011) Morphology and distribution of some marine diatoms, family Rhizosoleniaceae, genus Proboscia, Neocalyptrella, Pseudosolenia, Guinardia, and Dactyliosolen in Korean coastal waters. Algae 26: 299–315. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2011.26.4.299