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Research Article
Genome origin and phylogenetic relationships of Campeiostachys (Triticeae: Poaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions
expand article infoLu Tan‡§, Meng Hu§, Dan-Dan Wu§, Yi-Ran Cheng§, Li-Na Sha§, Xing Fan§, Hou-Yang Kang§, Yi Wang§, Ana Valdés-Florido|, Hai-Qin Zhang§, Yong-Hong Zhou§
‡ Xichang University, Xichang, China
§ Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| University of Seville, Seville, Spain
¶ Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain

Corresponding author: Lu Tan ( tanlu19910222@163.com )

Academic editor: Brecht Verstraete
© 2025 Lu Tan, Meng Hu, Dan-Dan Wu, Yi-Ran Cheng, Li-Na Sha, Xing Fan, Hou-Yang Kang, Yi Wang, Ana Valdés-Florido, Hai-Qin Zhang, Yong-Hong Zhou.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Tan L, Hu M, Wu D-D, Cheng Y-R, Sha L-N, Fan X, Kang H-Y, Wang Y, Valdés-Florido A, Zhang H-Q, Zhou Y-H (2025) Genome origin and phylogenetic relationships of Campeiostachys (Triticeae: Poaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158(3): 337-349. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.153974
Open Access

Abstract

Background and aims – Campeiostachys is an allohexaploid perennial genus of the Triticeae tribe (Poaceae). The allopolyploids of Triticeae are produced by interspecific hybridization of different genera. In this study, we investigate the genome origin of Campeiostachys and the relationships of some species based on phylogenetic analyses.

Material and methods – Two nuclear (Acc1 and DMC1) and two chloroplast (matK and rps16) DNA regions of the species of Campeiostachys and its related genera were used for phylogenetic analyses.

Key results – The Acc1 and DMC1 sequences revealed that the genome composition of all Campeiostachys species in our study is StYH, suggesting that Campeiostachys may have originated by the natural hybridization between species with StY and H genomes, as no species with Y or HY genomes have been found in the wild. The results from the chloroplast regions indicated that the maternal donor of the Campeiostachys species contains the St subgenome. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear sequences showed that C. purpuraristata always groups with the species of the C. dahurica complex in the St, Y, or H clade, distinct from other species in the genus. Also, C. calcicola, C. kamoji, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens are distinct yet closely related species.

Conclusion – Campeiostachys species originated from the natural hybridization of the tetraploid species of Roegneria (StY) with the diploid species of Hordeum (H), with Roegneria (StY) acting as the maternal donor. Campeiostachys purpuraristata should be classified into the C. dahurica complex and treated as C. dahurica var. purpuraristata.

Keywords

allohexaploid, Campeiostachys, genome constitution, maternal donor, natural hybridization, phylogeny

Introduction

Hybridization and polyploidization play a key role in plant evolution and speciation (Stebbins 1950; Soltis and Soltis 2000; Otto and Whitton 2000). Polyploids formed by intraspecific genome replication or hybridization of different genotypes are autopolyploids, while those formed by interspecific hybridization are allopolyploids (Stebbins 1947; Grant 1981; Liu et al. 2006; Brassac and Blattner 2015). The tribe Triticeae, an important gene pool for the genetic improvement of wheat, barley, and other Triticeae crops (Dewey 1984; Lu 1993), includes many polyploid taxa (Yen et al. 2005; Baum et al. 2011). Among these, the allopolyploids of Triticeae are produced by intergeneric hybridization of the genera with different genome composition (Sears 1954; Kimber and Alonso 1981; Dewey 1984; Heslop-Harrison 1992; Petersen et al. 2011). Based on the genomic system of classification in Triticeae, the species with the same genome or genome combinations were classified into one genus (Löve 1984; Yen et al. 2005; Baum et al. 2011; Lucía et al. 2019). Thus, these allopolyploid species are classified into different polyploid genera based on their genome composition (Cai 1997; Yen et al. 2005; Barkworth et al. 2009; Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2013; Lucía et al. 2019).

The genus Campeiostachys Drobow was established by Drobow (1941), and currently holds 15 species and 13 varieties (Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2013; Yang et al. 2015, 2016; Tan et al. 2024). Cytogenetic analyses have revealed that all Campeiostachys species are hexaploid and contain three subgenomes (St, Y, and H) (Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2013). The St and H subgenomes are supposed to have been donated by the diploid Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Á.Löve and by Hordeum L., respectively (Mason-Gamer 2004; Sun et al. 2008; Sha et al. 2017; Tang et al. 2017). However, the origin of the Y subgenome remains unknown (Jensen 1990; Kellogg et al. 1996; Adderley and Sun 2014). As an allopolyploid genus, Campeiostachys originated from natural hybridization between related genera in the Triticeae, but its parents cannot be identified (Baum et al. 2011; Petersen et al. 2011; Lei et al. 2022).

The relationship between some species within Campeiostachys remains unclear. For example, the taxa included in the Campeiostachys dahurica (Turcz. ex Griseb.) B.R.Baum, J.L.Yang & C.Yen (= Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb.) complex have been debated. Because the morphological difference is small, Lu (1993) included Elymus dahuricus, E. excelsus Turcz. ex Griseb, E. tangutorum (Nevski) Hand.-Mazz., Elymus dahuricus var. cylindricus Franch., E. purpuraristatus C.P.Wang & X.L.Yang, and E. villifer C.P.Wang & X.L.Yang in the E. dahuricus complex. In the Flora of China, E. purpuraristatus is treated as an independent species (Chen and Zhu 2006). Combined morphological data and genome composition determined that E. excelsus, E. tangutorum, and E. dahuricus var. cylindricus were to be classified into the genus Campeiostachys, and included in the C. dahurica complex as varieties (Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2013). Genome in situ hybridization (GISH) results showed that the genome composition of E. purpuraristatus is StYH and the species should be classified into Campeiostachys (Tan et al. 2021). At present, the relationship between C. purpuraristata (C.P.Wang & X.L.Yang) Y.H.Zhou, H.Q.Zhang & Wei Huan Chen and the C. dahurica complex is unclear. Based on morphological and molecular data, the relationship between Campeiostachys kamoji (Ohwi) B.R.Baum, J.L.Yang & C.Yen, Campeiostachys tsukushiensis var. transiens (Hack.) C.Yen & J.L.Yang, and C. calcicola (Keng) Y.H.Zhou, H.Q.Zhang & M.Q.Deng is also uncertain (Kuo 1987; Lu et al. 1990; Yen and Yang 2013).

Phylogenetic analyses have been proven as a fast and effective way for identifying genome composition, species relationships, and progenitor species of allopolyploid taxa, revealing the origin and evolutionary history of polyploid plants (Fortune et al. 2007; Blattner 2009; Fan et al. 2013; Bieniek et al. 2015; Baum et al. 2015). When the DNA sequences of diploid donors and allopolyploids in Triticeae correspond, this allows for the determination of the genome composition of the allopolyploid (Petersen et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2019). Single-copy nuclear genes are biparentally inherited and less susceptible to concerted evolution, making them ideal markers for identifying parental donors and evolutionary relationships of polyploid taxa (Soltis et al. 2004; McMillan and Sun 2004; Rauscher et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2006). In contrast, chloroplast markers are maternally inherited (Hodge et al. 2010; Middleton et al. 2014; Sha et al. 2017), and these sequences have therefore been widely used to identify the maternal donor of allopolyploid species or genera in Triticeae (Dong et al. 2015; Lei et al. 2018).

In this context, the objectives of this study on 15 Campeiostachys polyploids and the diploid and polyploids of related genera are: (1) to elucidate the genome origin of Campeiostachys; (2) to investigate the maternal donor of Campeiostachys species; (3) to explore the phylogenetic relationships among Campeiostachys species.

Material and methods

Plant material

Most of the material was collected by the authors’ research team, except for material of Campeiostachys drobovii (Nevski) B.R.Baum, J.L.Yang, & C.Yen (PI 314203), C. tsukushiensis var. transiens (PI 276396), and Bromus inermis Leyss. (PI 618974), which was kindly provided by the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (https://www.ars-grin.gov). Specimens of the material listed in Table 1 are kept at the Herbarium of Triticeae Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, China (SAUTI).

Table 1.
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The materials used for sequencing in this study.

Species Genome Accession No. Origin
Campeiostachys aristiglumis StYH Y 0614 Xinjiang
Campeiostachys calcicola StYH ZY 1005 Sichuan
Campeiostachys drobovii StYH PI 314203 Russian
Campeiostachys dahurica StYH ZY 11033 Inner Mongolia
Campeiostachys dahurica var. cylindrica StYH Y 0750 Xinjiang
Campeiostachys dahurica var. excelsis StYH ZY 11034 Inner Mongolia
Campeiostachys dahurica var. tangutorum StYH Y 2092 Sichuan
Campeiostachys kamoji StYH ZY 1007 Sichuan
Campeiostachys nutans StYH Y 2235 -
Campeiostachys purpuraristata StYH ZY 11075 Inner Mongolia
Campeiostachys schrenkiana StYH Y 2426 -
Campeiostachys tsukushiensis var. transiens StYH PI 276396 Sweden
Elymus atratus StYH ZY 15005 Sichuan
Elymus breviaristatus StYH ZY 17008 Sichuan
Elymus sinosubmuticus StYH ZY 17004 Sichuan
Hordeum bogdanii H ZY 11066 Inner Mongolia
Bromus inermis subsp. inermis - PI 618974 Xinjiang

In addition to the material mentioned in Table 1, we also downloaded the Acc1, DMC1, matK, and rps16 sequences of closely related species (Roegneria K.Koch StY, Elymus L. StH, Stenostachys Turcz. HW, Campeiostachys StYH, Kengyilia C.Yen & J.L.Yang StYP, Anthosachne Steud. StYW, Pascopyrum Á.Löve StYHW, Connorochloa Barkworth, S.W.L.Jacobs & H.Q.Zhang StHNsXm, and some diploid species of the Triticeae) from GenBank. Detailed information is provided in Suppl. materials 1–3.

DNA amplification and sequencing

The total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaves using the CTAB method (Doyle and Doyle 1990). The Acc1, DMC1, matK, and rps16 sequences were amplified with primers and PCR cycles shown in Table 2. Clone using pClone007 Versatile Simple Vector Kit (TSINGKE Biological Technology, Beijing, China), and 20-30 independent clones were randomly selected for sequencing by Sangon Biological Engineering and Technology Service Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Table 2.
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Primers and PCR profiles used in this study.

Gene Primer Sequence of primer (5’-3’) PCR profiles
Acc1 F CCCAATATTTATCATGAGACTTGCA 1 cycle: 5 min 95°C; 35 cycles: 30 s 95°C, 30 s 56°C, 2 min 30 s 68°C; 1 cycle: 10 min 68°C
R CAACATTTGAATGAAThCTCCACG
DMC1 F TGCCAATTGCTGAGAGATTTG 1 cycle: 4 min 95°C; 35 cycles: 1 min 95°C, 1 min 52°C, 1 min 72°C; 1 cycle: 10 min 72°C
R AGCCACCTGTTGTAATCTGG
matK F CGATCTATTCATTCAATATTTC 1 cycle: 4 min 95°C; 35 cycles: 1 min 95°C, 1 min 50°C, 1 min 30 s 72°C; 1 cycle: 10 min 72°C
R TCTAGCACACGAAAGTCGAAGT
rps16 F AAACGATGTGGTAGAAAGCAAC 1 cycle: 4 min 95°C; 35 cycles: 1 min 95°C, 1 min 53°C, 1 min 72°C; 1 cycle: 10 min 72°C
R AAACGATGTGGTAGAAAGCAAC

Phylogenetic analyses

DNA sequences were confirmed through BLAST (Boratyn et al. 2012) on the NCBI database. The sequences were aligned using MAFFT v.7.313 (Katoh et al. 2002), and jModelTest v.3.0 (Posada and Crandall 1998) was used to determine the best-fit DNA substitution models and gamma rate heterogeneity for subsequent analyses. Phylogenetic analyses for each marker alone were conducted using the maximum-likelihood (ML) method in PhyML 3.0 (Guindon et al. 2009) and Bayesian inference (BI) in MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). Bromus inermis was used as the outgroup. Statistical support for the nodes in the ML analysis was estimated by using 1000 fast bootstrap replicates. For the combined dataset (Acc1 + DMC1 and rps16 + matK), tandem sequences were processed using PhyloSuite v.1.2.2 (Zhang et al. 2020), and ML and BI were performed using raxmlGui v.2.0 (Edler et al. 2021) and MrBayes v.3.1.2, respectively.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear markers

Acc1 sequences

The length of the Acc1 sequences of the Campeiostachys species ranges from 1423 to 1448 bp. The data matrix contains 1827 characters, of which 288 are parsimony uninformative and 134 are parsimony informative. The Acc1 data matrix of 88 sequences was analysed with ML using the TIM1+I+G model (-Ln likelihood = 8078.0741). The assumed nucleotide frequencies were A = 0.2546, C = 0.1827, G = 0.2161, T = 0.3467. The tree topology generated by the BI analysis is similar to that inferred by the ML analysis. The ML tree with bootstrap support values (BS, above the branches) and Bayesian posterior probability (PP, below the branches) is displayed in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. 

Maximum likelihood tree derived from Acc1 sequences of Campeiostachys and related species. The capital letters in brackets after the species name indicate the genome composition of the species. The numbers above and below the branches indicate bootstrap values > 50% and Bayesian posterior probability values > 0.90, respectively.

All Campeiostachys species have three copies of the Acc1 sequence, which are grouped in the St, Y, and H clades (Fig. 1). The St clade (BS = 93%, PP = 1.00) comprises the diploid species of Pseudoroegneria (St genome donor), the tetraploid species of Elymus (StH), the tetraploid species of Roegneria (StY), and Campeiostachys species (StYH). Within this clade, Campeiostachys tsukushiensis var. transiens, C. kamoji, and C. calcicola cluster together (BS = 82%, PP = 0.99). In addition, Campeiostachys dahurica, C. dahurica var. cylindrica (Franch.) B.R.Baum, J.L.Yang & C.Yen, C. dahurica var. tangutorum (Nevski) B.R.Baum, J.L.Yang & C.Yen, and C. purpuraristata form a group (BS = 50%, PP = 0.92). The Y clade (BS = 90%, PP = 1.00) includes the species of Dasypyrum (Coss. & Durieu) Maire (V), Peridictyon Seberg, Fred. & Baden (Xp), Roegneria (StY), and Campeiostachys (StYH). Within this clade, species of Campeiostachys group with Roegneria grandis Keng and R. pendulina Nevski (BS = 94%, PP = 1.00); and C. kamoji, C. calcicola, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens cluster in a subclade (BS = 98%, PP = 1.00). Furthermore, C. dahurica, C. dahurica var. tangutorum, C. dahurica var. excelsis (Turcz. ex Griseb.) B.R.Baum, J.L.Yang & C.Yen, C. dahurica var. cylindrica, and C. purpuraristata form a paraphyletic clade (BS = 62%, PP = 0.92). Finally, the H clade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.00) contains Hordeum species (H genome donor), Elymus species (StH), and Campeiostachys species (StYH). Among them, C. dahurica, C. dahurica var. cylindrica, C. dahurica var. excelsis, and C. purpuraristata group together (BS = 86%, PP = 1.00), while C. kamoji, C. calcicola, C. tsukushiensis var. transiens, and C. drobovii group together (BS = 99%, PP = 1.00).

DMC1 sequences

The length of the DMC1 sequences of the Campeiostachys species ranges from 1013 to 1087 bp. The data matrix contains 1266 characters, of which 249 are parsimony uninformative and 103 are parsimony informative. The DMC1 data matrix was analysed with ML using the TIM3+G model (-Ln likelihood = 5162.2108). The assumed nucleotide frequencies were A = 0.3219, C = 0.2140, G = 0.2088, T = 0.2553. The phylogenetic analysis of 103 DMC1 sequences was performed using Bromus inermis as the outgroup (Fig. 2). The tree topology generated by the BI analysis is similar to that inferred by the ML analysis.

Figure 2. 

Maximum likelihood tree derived from DMC1 sequences of Campeiostachys and related species. The capital letters in brackets after the species name indicate the genome composition of the species. The numbers above and below the branches indicate bootstrap values > 50% and Bayesian posterior probability values > 0.90, respectively.

Three DMC1 sequence copies of the Campeiostachys species are divided into three well-supported clades, which are named the St, Y, and H clades (Fig. 2). In the St clade (BS = 99%, PP = 1.00), Campeiostachys species are grouped with Pseudoroegneria species (St), Roegneria species (StY), and Elymus species (StH). Within this clade, C. kamoji, C. calcicola, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens are grouped (BS = 69%, PP = 0.96). In addition, C. purpuraristata is closely associated with Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á.Löve, Roegneria semicostata (Steud.) Kitag., and C. dahurica var. tangutorum. Also, Campeiostachys dahurica, C. dahurica var. cylindrica, and C. dahurica var. excelsis are closely related. However, none of them fall into a distinct clade. The Y clade (BS = 93%, PP = 1.00) only includes the species of Roegneria (StY) and Campeiostachys (StYH). Of which, C. dahurica groups with C. dahurica var. cylindrica, C. dahurica var. excelsis, C. dahurica var. tangutorum, C. purpuraristata, Roegneria anthosachnoides Keng, and R. gmelinii (Griseb.) Kitag. (BS = 51%, PP = 0.90). Campeiostachys kamoji, C. calcicola, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens cluster into a subclade (BS = 62%, PP = 0.98). Finally, the H clade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.00) includes the species of Hordeum (H), Elymus (StH), and Campeiostachys (StYH). Among them, C. kamoji, C. calcicola, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens are grouped with Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski (BS = 61%, PP = 0.97).

Acc1+DMC1 sequences

The phylogenetic tree constructed by combining Acc1 and DMC1 sequences is consistent with the one constructed by the single regions. All Campeiostachys species are divided into three clades (Fig. 3). In the St clade, Campeiostachys species cluster with the species of Pseudoroegneria, Roegneria, and Elymus with strong support (BS = 100%, PP = 1.00). Among them, C. kamoji, C. calcicola, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens are clustered together (BS = 90%, PP = 1.00). Campeiostachys dahurica, C. dahurica var. cylindrica, C. dahurica var. excelsis, C. dahurica var. tangutorum, and C. purpuraristata form a group (BS = 54%, PP = 0.94). The Y clade (BS = 92%, PP = 0.99) includes not only the species of Roegneria and Campeiostachys but also the Dasypyrum species (V) and Peridictyon species (Xp).

Figure 3. 

Maximum likelihood tree derived from Acc1+DMC1 sequences of Campeiostachys and related species. The capital letters in brackets after the species name indicate the genome composition of the species. The numbers above and below the branches indicate bootstrap values > 50% and Bayesian posterior probability values > 0.90, respectively.

In the Y clade, the Campeiostachys species are clustered together (BS = 93%, PP = 1.00). Of which, C. dahurica, C. dahurica var. cylindrica, C. dahurica var. excelsis, C. dahurica var. tangutorum, C. purpuraristata cluster together (BS = 80%, PP = 0.99). Besides, C. kamoji, C. calcicola, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens cluster into one group (BS = 99%, PP = 1.00). The H clade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.00) includes the species of Hordeum (H), Elymus (StH), and Campeiostachys (StYH). Among them, C. kamoji, C. calcicola, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens are grouped together (BS = 100%, PP = 1.00). Besides, C. dahurica, C. dahurica var. cylindrica, C. dahurica var. excelsis, and C. purpuraristata cluster together (BS = 94%, PP = 1.00).

Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast markers

matK sequences

The matK matrix contains 60 taxa and 844 characters, including 99 variable information loci and 38 parsimony informative loci. The phylogenetic analysis was based on maximum likelihood (ML) using GTR+I+G as the best-fit model (-Ln likelihood = 2142.3028). The assumed nucleotide frequencies were A = 0.3094, C = 0.1808, G = 0.1523, T = 0.3575. Both ML and BI trees show the matK sequences of Campeiostachys species divided into the St+V+E clade (BS = 51%) (Fig. 4A). This clade not only includes the diploid species of Pseudoroegneria (St), Lophopyrum Á.Löve (Ee), Thinopyrum Á.Löve (Eb), and Dasypyrum (V), but also the polyploid species of Elymus (StH), Roegneria (StY), Campeiostachys (StYH), Kengyilia (StYP), Pascopyrum (StHNsXm), and Connorochloa (StYHW). Within this clade, C. calcicola, C. tsukushiensis var. transiens, and C. kamoji are grouped together (BS = 63%, PP = 0.97). All species of Campeiostachys are clustered in the St+V+E clade instead of the H clade.

Figure 4. 

Maximum likelihood tree derived from chloroplast regions of Campeiostachys and related species. A. matK. B. rps16. C. matK+rps16. The capital letters in brackets after the species name indicate the genome composition of the species. The numbers above and below the branches indicate bootstrap values > 50% and Bayesian posterior probability values > 0.90, respectively.

rps16 sequences

A total of 53 rps16 sequences were used for ML analysis. The rps16 sequences matrix contains 706 characters, of which 47 informative loci and 22 parsimony informative loci. The phylogenetic analysis based on the rps16 sequences was conducted using TIM1+G, which was identified as the best-fit model (-Ln likelihood = 1688.6674). The assumed nucleotide frequencies were A = 0.2991, C = 0.1925, G = 0.1478, T = 0.3606. In addition to Campeiostachys species, the St+V+E clade (BS = 50%) also included the diploid species of Pseudoroegneria (St), Lophopyrum (Ee), Thinopyrum (Eb), and Dasypyrum (V) (Fig. 4B). In addition, polyploid species which contain the St subgenome also cluster in this clade, including the species of Elymus (StH), Roegneria (StY), Kengyilia (StYP), Pascopyrum (StHNsXm), and Connorochloa (StYHW).

matK + rps16 sequences

The BI tree and ML tree based on concatenated gene sequences exhibit highly similar topologies. All Campeiostachys species cluster in the same clade, named the St+V+E clade (BS = 58%, PP = 0.91) (Fig. 4C). This subclade also includes the species of Pseudoroegneria (St), Lophopyrum (Ee), Thinopyrum (Eb), Dasypyrum (V), Elymus (StH), Roegneria (StY), Kengyilia (StYP), Pascopyrum (StHNsXm), and Connorochloa (StYHW). Among them, C. calcicola, C. tsukushiensis var. transiens, and C. kamoji cluster together (BS = 67%, PP = 0.90). Hordeum species and Stenostachys narduroides Turcz. (HW) cluster together in a single subclade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.00).

Discussion

The origin of the genus Campeiostachys

Traditionally, the species in Triticeae with the same genome or genome combination have been classified into the same genus (Löve 1982; Yen et al. 2005; Zhang and Zhou 2007; Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2011). The correspondence between the DNA sequences of diploid donors and allopolyploids in Triticeae allows the determination of the genome composition of these species through phylogenetic analyses (Petersen et al. 2006; Sun and Komatsuda 2010; Gao et al. 2014; Lei et al. 2022). Cytologically, the genome composition of Pseudoroegneria species is St, Hordeum species is H, Elymus species is StH, Roegneria species is StY, and Campeiostachys species is StYH (Dewey 1984; Yen et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2019). In the present study, the sequences from Campeiostachys species with separated into three distinct clades. The one-copy sequence from each Pseudoroegneria species (St), Elymus species (StH), Roegneria species (StY), and Campeiostachys species (StYH) formed a group. Therefore, this clade was named the St clade using the genomic symbol of the diploid species. One copy sequence from each Hordeum species (H), Elymus species (StH), and Campeiostachys species grouped into one clade, named the H clade using the genomic symbol of the diploid species. The remaining copy sequence from each Campeiostachys species grouped with the other copy sequences from Roegneria species (StY). This indicates that the remaining copy of the Acc1 and DMC1 sequence from these species should have been amplified from the Y genome. Therefore, this clade was named the Y clade. The results of the phylogenetic analyses based on Acc1 and DMC1 revealed that the Roegneria species contain St and Y copies, Elymus species contain St and H copies, and all Campeiostachys species contain St, Y, and H copies (Fig. 1). This indicates distinct genome compositions among these three genera, despite their indistinguishable morphological characteristics. Besides, the diverse genome compositions of Roegneria, Elymus, and Campeiostachys suggest different evolutionary origins.

Allopolyploids in Triticeae arise by interspecific hybridization involving different genera with different genome compositions (Sears 1954; Kimber and Alonso 1981; Dewey 1984; Heslop-Harrison 1992; Petersen et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2011). Based on its genome composition, the possible origins of Campeiostachys are as follows: St × HY, Y × StH, or H × StY. Genera known to possess the Y genome within Triticaeae include Roegneria (StY), Campeiostachys (StYH), Kengyilia (StYP), Anthosachne (StYW), and Connorochloa (StYWH), with no species containing Y or HY genomes found in the wild (Yen and Yang 1990; Torabinejad and Mueller 1993; Barkworth et al. 2009; Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2011, 2013; Gao et al. 2014). The phylogenetic analyses based on trnL-F, ndhF, and trnH-psbA chloroplast markers all indicated that the Campeiostachys species are more closely related to the Roegneria species (StY) than to Elymus (StH) (Liu et al. 2006; Lei et al. 2018). The analysis results of genome resequencing revealed that Hordeum roshevitzii Bowden (H) exhibits the highest homology with the H subgenome of E. nutans Griseb. (StYH) (= Campeiostachys nutans (Griseb.) B.R.Baum, J.L.Yang & C.Yen), while E. burchan-buddae (Nevski) Tzvelev (StY) exhibits the highest homology with the St and Y subgenomes of E. nutans (Xiong et al. 2025). The analysis results based on the chloroplast genome also indicate that the maternal donor of Campeiostachys species is more likely to be the genus Roegneria (StY) (Sha et al. 2025). Overall, we are more inclined to assume that Campeiostachys originated by natural hybridization involving Triticeae species with both StY and H genomes.

The maternal donor of Campeiostachys

The cpDNA is maternally inherited in grasses (Middleton et al. 2014; Lei et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2019). Most studies suggest that Pseudoroegneria (St) serves as the maternal donor of most species containing the St subgenome in Triticeae (Mason-Gamer et al. 2002; McMillan and Sun 2004; Sha et al. 2010; Luo et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2021). This may occur from the increased success of hybridization when the species containing the St subgenome acts as the maternal parent, especially in intergeneric hybridization scenarios (Redinbaugh et al. 2000). However, some studies have shown that species with StY and P genomes both contributed to the origin of the species with StYP as maternal donors (Luo et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2021). Based on phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast sequences ndhF and trnH-psbA, Lei et al. (2018) suggested that Pseudoroegneria (St) or Roegneria (StY) might be the maternal donors of the five Campeiostachys species. In the present study, the results of phylogenetic analyses based on matK and rps16 sequences revealed that the 15 Campeiostachys species formed a clade with the species containing St subgenome (whether diploid or polyploid) and diploids with V, E genome, but not with Hordeum (the H diploid donor) (Fig. 2). Nuclear gene data confirmed that the species of Campeiostachys do not contain E and V genomes, also supported by cytological results (Yen and Yang 2013; Yang et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2021, 2022, 2024). Therefore, the maternal donor of Campeiostachys species contains the St subgenome.

Based on the analysis of the single-copy nuclear gene and cpDNA sequences (Figs 1–4), we propose that Campeiostachys may have originated from a natural cross between a tetraploid species of Roegneria (StY) as the maternal donor and a diploid species of Hordeum (H) as the paternal donor.

Phylogenetic relationships of some species in Campeiostachys

Campeiostachys purpuraristata and the C. dahurica complex

Elymus purpuraristatus (= Campeiostachys purpuraristata) is a perennial grass, mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia (Kuo 1987). Based on its morphological characteristics, it was classified into the genus Elymus (Kuo 1987; Yen and Yang 2013). Subsequently, the results of genomic in situ hybridization and phylogenetic analyses confirmed its genome composition as StYH, leading to its taxonomic revision to C. purpuraristata (Tan et al. 2021). Morphologically, C. purpuraristata is similar to the species of the C. dahurica complex, for example, the leaves are curled inward, the spikes erect or slightly curved, and spikelets densely arranged (Kuo 1987; Agafonov et al. 2001; Yen and Yang 2013). Cytogenetic analyses revealed that the average c-value of the hexaploid hybrid E. purpuraristatus × C. dahurica var. tangutorum (StYH) was 0.79 with an average of 19.11 bivalents, and the percentage of stained pollen grains and seed set of the hybrids was 86.00% and 62.69%, respectively (Tan et al. 2021). In the present study, it is noteworthy that C. purpuraristata is always grouped with the species of the C. dahurica complex in the St, Y, or H clade, as observed from both Acc1 and DMC1 sequence data (Figs 1, 2). Based on our molecular analyses in conjunction with previous studies (Yen and Yang 2013; Tan et al. 2021), we propose that the relationship between C. purpuraristata and C. dahurica var. tangutorum is infraspecific rather than interspecific. Consequently, it would be more appropriate to classify C. purpuraristata as a member of the C. dahurica complex. Thus, we suggest that C. purpuraristata should be reclassified.

Campeiostachys dahurica var. purpuraristata (C.P.Wang & X.L.Yang) Y.H.Zhou, H.Q.Zhang, W.H.Chen & L.Tan, stat. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77368636-1

Elymus purpuraristatus C.P.Wang & H.L.Yang, Bulletin of Botanical Research Harbin 4(4): 83. 1984. (Yang and Wang 1984)

Campeiostachys purpuraristata (C.P.Wang & X.L.Yang) Y.H.Zhou, H.Q.Zhang & Wei Huan Chen (Tan et al. 2021: 252)

Type

CHINA • Inner Mongolia, Daqing Mountains; 6 Aug. 1965; C.P. Wang 278; holotype: NMAC!.

Campeiostachys calcicola and C. kamoji

Roegneria calcicola Keng (= Campeiostachys calcicola) and Roegneria kamoji (Ohwi) Ohwi ex Keng (= C. kamoji) are perennial herbs within Triticeae (Kuo 1987). In the present study, phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Campeiostachys calcicola is closely related to C. kamoji (Figs 1–4). The distribution of C. calcicola and C. kamoji overlaps: C. kamoji is mainly distributed across most parts of China and the Korean Peninsula, while C. calcicola is restricted to calcareous hillside meadows and riversides in Southwest China (Kuo 1987). Morphologically, C. calcicola closely resembles C. kamoji: the leaf blade flat, the leaf sheaths glabrous, each rachis node bearing a single green or greyish green spikelet, and the spikelets are sparse. The biggest difference between the two species is that in C. calcicola the palea is longer than the lemma, whereas the palea is shorter than the lemma in C. kamoji (Kuo 1987; Yen and Yang 2013). However, the hybrids of C. calcicola × C. kamoji exhibited a low percentage of stained pollen grains and seed set (Tan et al. 2021), indicating significant reproductive isolation between them. In conclusion, based on molecular and morphological results, we assert that C. calcicola and C. kamoji are distinct yet closely related species.

Campeiostachys kamoji and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens

Lu et al. (1990) compared the morphological characteristics of Roegneria kamoji (= Campeiostachys kamoji) from China and Agropyron semicostatum var. transiens Hack. (= C. tsukushiensis var. transiens) from Japan, as well as the chromosome pairing of their hybrids. They suggested that the genomes of both species had high homology and should belong to the same taxonomic taxon. Thus, they were combined and named Roegneria tsukushiensis (Hack.) B.Rong Lu, Yen & J.L.Yang and R. tsukushiensis var. transiens (Hack.) B.Rong Lu, Yen & J.L.Yang, respectively. Then, according to the morphological characteristics and genome composition, the species were revised as Campeiostachys kamoji and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens, respectively (Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2013). In terms of distribution, there is no overlap in their geographical distribution, as Campeiostachys kamoji is mainly distributed in China (except Xinjiang, Tibet, and Qinghai) and the Korean Peninsula, while C. tsukushiensis var. transiens is mainly distributed in Japan (Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2013). In addition, there are a few morphological differences between Campeiostachys tsukushiensis var. transiens and C. kamoji. Compared to Campeiostachys kamoji, C. tsukushiensis var. transiens is a taller plant, and has longer spikes and longer lemma awn (Lu et al. 1990; Yen and Yang 2013). Also, there is only one spikelet on each rachis node in Campeiostachys kamoji, while there are 2–3 spikelets on each node in C. tsukushiensis var. transiens (Baum et al. 2011; Yen and Yang 2013). The spikelet number at each node is one of the important morphological indicators for classifying species in the Triticeae. In this study, the analysis results of Acc1 and DMC1 sequences showed that Campeiostachys kamoji was closely related to C. tsukushiensis var. transiens (Figs 1, 2). The F1 hybrids of Campeiostachys kamoji and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens exhibit a high frequency of bivalents (17–21) during meiosis metaphase I. However, the lower pollen staining rate and setting rate of their F1 hybrid indicates that these two species share the same chromosome composition, although their reproductive isolation degree is high (Lu et al. 1990). Based on the results of cytogenetic and molecular analyses, combined with morphological characteristics and geographical distribution, we conclude that Campeiostachys kamoji and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens represent distinct taxa.

Conclusion

Campeiostachys species originated from natural hybridization between the tetraploid species of Roegneria (StY) and the diploid species of Hordeum (H), with Roegneria (StY) acting as the maternal donor. Campeiostachys purpuraristata should be classified into the Campeiostachys dahurica complex and treated as Campeiostachys dahurica var. purpuraristata (C.P.Wang & H.L.Yang) Y.H.Zhou, H.Q.Zhang, W.H.Chen & L.Tan.

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our appreciation to Xiaoxia Zhu, Yang Song, and Qingxiang Huang for their management of the experimental plants. This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32200180), the Science and Technology Bureau of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC1995).

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Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1 

The Acc1 sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses.

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Supplementary material 2 

The DMC1 sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses.

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Supplementary material 3 

The matK and rps16 sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses.

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