Five levels of simulated florivory in the field experiment. Flower buds (shown in purple) mature from the base to the tip of a raceme. The budless pedicels show which buds were clipped from the racemes to achieve the targeted levels of the florivory treatment.

 
 
  Part of: Wise MJ (2023) Why fitness impacts of different herbivores may combine nonadditively, and why it matters to the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore communities. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156(1): 13-28. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.95982