Associations between environmental and trait variables for Montagne d’Ambre (MDA level). A–D. Biplots of the RLQ analysis showing the projections of Noronhia species (A), sampling plots (in blue, Mahery; red, Roussettes; and black, Texier) (B), trait variables (C), and environmental variables (D) on the first two axes. E. Initial results of the fourth-corner analysis – Results with p values adjusted for multiple comparisons and for spatial autocorrelation using the false discovery rate (FDR) and Moran’s Spectral Randomization (MSR) procedures, respectively, show no significant relationships (Suppl. material 1, Fig. S3). F. Results of the combined RLQ+fourth-corner analysis illustrating associations between the first two RLQ axes for traits (AxQ1/AxQ2) and environmental variables (right), and between the first two RLQ axes for environment (AxR1/AxR2) and trait variables (left). For E and F, red cells correspond to significant positive associations (p ≤ 0.05), blue cells to significant negative associations, and grey to non-significant ones. Abbreviations for environmental and trait variables are described in Methods.