How does a plant species swarm maintain coexistence on an isolated mountain in northern Madagascar?

Figure 1.

Summary information on the study region and the focal taxon. A. Spatial pattern of Noronhia species richness (quantified as the number of species present per grid cell) across Madagascar, highlighting species richness on Montagne d’Ambre (MDA) framed in bold black (adapted from Hong-Wa 2016); PA (overlaid areas on map) means protected areas, which include MDA; numbers inside grid cells indicate the cells that contain MDA (1), Montagne des Français (2), Manongarivo (3), and Anosy-Vohimena (4). B. Location of the 24 sampling plots (black triangles) on MDA (darker green on the map). C. Phylogenetic tree representing the 13 species of Noronhia encountered in the MDA plots. All maps were prepared with ESRI’s ArcGis Pro v.2.7.

	Figure 1. Summary information on the study region and the focal taxon. A. Spatial pattern of Noronhia species richness (quantified as the number of species present per grid cell) across Madagascar, highlighting species richness on Montagne d’Ambre (MDA) framed in bold black (adapted from Hong-Wa 2016); PA (overlaid areas on map) means protected areas, which include MDA; numbers inside grid cells indicate the cells that contain MDA (1), Montagne des Français (2), Manongarivo (3), and Anosy-Vohimena (4). B. Location of the 24 sampling plots (black triangles) on MDA (darker green on the map). C. Phylogenetic tree representing the 13 species of Noronhia encountered in the MDA plots. All maps were prepared with ESRI’s ArcGis Pro v.2.7.
	Part of: Hong-Wa C, Besnard G (2026) How does a plant species swarm maintain coexistence on an isolated mountain in northern Madagascar? Plant Ecology and Evolution 159(1): 45-63. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.164557