Rudgea macrophylla. A. Ramified individual, ca 3 m tall, with basal main trunk, with large, ascending or spreading leaves in dense rosettes at the apex of each branch, which continue to collect leaf litter. B. Young individual about 50 cm tall. C. Detail of stem apex, with stipules topped by acicular extensions. D. Detail of the bark of an old individual. E. Detail of a plant with immature fruits. Photos by Piero G. Delprete on 7 Dec. 2023 at the Tinguá Biological Reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Delprete et al. 12958).