Nonmetric dimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) plot of Cinchona survey data from 9 variables in 174 farms. The colour of the points indicates the groupements red for Baswagha (n = 60), green for Ngweshe (n = 74), blue for Rubenga (n = 40). Kabare (n = 4) and Ntambuka (n = 7) were excluded due to low sample size. Only significant variables (p < 0.05; based on 999 permutations) were visualized. The arrows’ length and direction represent the environmental variables’ effect on Cinchona production across groupements. Abbreviations: PTA: proportion of the total farm area used for Cinchona cultivation, CS: cultivation (cropping) system, PC: previous cultivation on Cinchona fields, CAC: crops associated with Cinchona, TAC: trees associated with Cinchona, ASF: assessment of soil fertility, TF: type of fertilizer, Sp: Cinchona tree spacing, DI: diseases and insects, and Spe: Cinchona tree species.

 
 
  Part of: Mekonnen B, Cizungu L, Alegre J, Blondeel H, De Lombaerde E, Verbeeck H, Duchateau L, Schrevens E, Verheyen K, Boeckx P, De Frenne P (2025) Smallholder farmers’ knowledge on management of Cinchona in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158(1): 3-13. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.125060